226

Unitl 4

TEXT 1 A 6

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS 6

TEXT 1 B 11

Engineers in the 21st Century 11

Unit 2 12

Text 2 A 13

Potential and Kinetic Energy 13

Text 2 B 16

Energy 16

Unit 3 16

TEXT 3 A 17

FORCE, WORK, ENERGY AND POWER 17

TEXT 3 B 21

SOURCES OF POWER 21

Unit 4 22

TEXT 4 A 23

MATHEMATICS — THE LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE 23

Text 4 B 27

THE VICTIM OF OVERWHELMING NUMBERS 27

Unit 5 28

TEXT 5 A 29

Solar Power 29

Text 5 B 33

Scales of Temperature 33

Unit 6 34

TEXT 6 A 35

RADAR 35

TEXT 6 B 39

RADAR GUIDES HARBOUR TRAFFIC 39

TEXT 6 C 39

RADIO WAVES 39

Unit 7 40

TEXT 7 A 41

ALBERT EINSTEIN 41

(1879 – 1955) 41

TEXT 7 B 46

IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW… 46

TEXT 7 C 47

EINSTEIN’S PHOTOELECTRIC LAW 47

Unit 8 47

TEXT 8 A 48

EXPLORING THE OCEAN 48

TEXT 8 B 52

UNDERWATER TV CAMERA 52

TEXT 8 C 53

WAVE MOTION AND SOUND 53

Unit 9 54

Text 9 A 55

SEMICONDUCTORS 55

TEXT 9 B 58

Semiconductor Laser 58

TEXT 9 C 58

Semiconductors in modern technology 58

Unit 10 60

READING EXERCISES 60

TEXT 10 A 60

TRANSISTORS 60

TEXT 10 B 64

Transistors and Semiconductor Devices 64

Unit 11 65

TEXT 11 A 65

RADIO AND TELEVISION 65

TEXT 11 B 69

RADIO IN ASTRONOMY 69

TEXT 11 C 70

THE STORY OF RADIO 70

Unit 12 71

TEXT 12 A 72

The Fundamental Problems of Television. 72

Text 12 B 78

The Social History of Television as a Technology 78

Unit 13 80

Text 13(A) 80

Electronic computer evolution 80

Text 13(B) 83

What Can Computers Do? 83

Text 13(C) 85

Digital computers 85

Unit 14 85

TEXT 14(A) 86

Superconductivity 86

TEXT 14(B) 88

Liquid Helium Surprises 88

TEXT 14(C) 89

Cryogenic propellants 89

Unit 15 90

Text № 15(A) 90

THE MODERN THEORY OF LIGHT 90

Text № 15 B 94

Modern Light-Wave Communications Technology 94

Unit 16 96

TEXT 16 A 96

K. E. Tsiolkovsky (1857 – 1935) 96

TEXT 16 B 101

From Radio Valves to Cosmic Communications 101

TEXT 16 C 102

Application of electric-propulsion system 102

Unit 17 102

TEXT 17 A 103

AN EFFICIENCY OF NEARLY 100 PER CENT 103

TEXT 17 B 106

LASER TECHNOLOGY 106

TEXT 17 C 107

LASER IN THE CLOTHES-MAKING INDUSTRY 107

Unit 18 108

TEXT 18 A 108

THE COLOUR SPECTRUM 108

TEXT 18 B 113

Communicating Through the Earth 113

Unit 19 115

TEXT 19 A 115

Computers (Fundamentals) 115

TEXT 19 B 119

The automated factory 119

TEXT 19 C 120

Integrated Circuits 120

Unit 20 122

Text 20 A 122

COSMIC RAYS 122

TEXT 20 B 126

EXPLORING OUR SUN 126

Additional Reading 127

TEXT 1 127

Age of Thinking Machines 127

TEXT 2 128

ATOMS AND NUCLEAR FUELS 128

TEXT 3 130

The neutron 130

TEXT 4 131

ALGEBRAIC LANGUAGE 131

TEXT 5 132

Radioactivity 132

TEXT 6 133

HOW RADAR WORKS 133

TEXT 7 135

Quantum electronics 135

TEXT 8 136

SONIC TECHNIQUES FOR INDUSTRY 136

TEXT 9 138

Semiconductors 138

TEXT 10 139

The structure of the triode transistor 139

TEXT 11 139

RADIO WAVES 139

TEXT 12 141

BRIEF ANALYSIS OF THE TELEVISION SYSTEM 141

BASIC STRUCTURE OF A PICTURE 142

TEXT 13 143

OPERATING SYSTEMS 143

The Nature of an Operating System 143

TEXT 14 144

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AT ROOM TEMPERATURE 144

TEXT 15 145

Optical fibres 145

TEXT 16 146

RELIABILITY OF MISSILES AND SPACE VEHICLES 146

TEXT 17 147

RELIABILITY OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS 147

Text 18 148

PROPAGATION OF LIGHT 148

TEXT 19 151

NOTIONS OF INTELLIGENCE 151

TEXT 20 152

STELLAR EVOLUTION 152

Appendix 1 153

Grammar Exercises 153

I. Simple Tenses (Active/Passive) 154

II. Continuous Tenses (Active / Passive) 160

III. Perfect Tenses (Active / Passive) 162

IV. Sequence of Tenses 166

V. Modal Verbs 167

VI. Nouns as Attributes 169

VII. Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs 171

VIII. Quantifiers: some/any/no/much/few/little. 173

IX. Infinitive. Complex Object. Complex Subject. For + Noun + Infinitive Clause 175

X. Participle. Absolute Participle Clause 186

XI. Gerund. Gerund Clause. Ing – forms. 197

XII. Subjunctive Mood. Conditional Sentences. Modals + Perfect Infinitives 200

XIII. Inversion. 208

XIV. Elliptic Sentences. 212

XV. “It”, “that” / “those”, “one” / “ones”, “both…and”; “either…or”; “neither…nor” 214

XVI. Complex Sentences. Zero “that”- clauses. 216

Appendix 2 217

Довідник з читання математичних символів та інших позначень, а також найбільш вживаних скорочень в англійських технічних текстах. 217

Перелiк деяких хiмiчних елементiв 218

Одиницi вимiру 218

Дробовi числівники (Fractional Numerals) 220

Скорочення 225

Unitl

Grammar:

l. Word Order in the Simple Sentence. Types of Questions. 2. The Noun: the Category of Number. 3. The Use of Articles. 4. Present, Past, Future Simple (Active Voice).

READING EXERCISES

1. Practice reading the following words, Mind the pronunciation of the vowels in stressed position:

man, thanks, than, gas, inhabit, expanses, began, attach, actual; change, made, shale, take, creator, labour, later, became, nature, automation, inflation; art, large, start, harness, remarkable;

cloth, stop, beyond, belong, complex, profit; role, mode, ago, over, control, social; worth, work, world; more;

but, under, usher, judge, construct, production, multitude; use, fusion, produce, nuclear, computer; turn;

sense, engine, mental, benefit, century, development; even, these; service, interpret, observe, material;

spin, bring, fission, limit, system, physical, recognition; time, wide, type, crisis; first; fire.

2. Practice reading the following words:

wheel steam spread learn

speed peat weapon earth

between weave treasure

automation road achieve

autumn goal believe

because coal relieve

3. Learn the pronunciation of the -(e)s suffix in the following types of words:

obliterates belongs gives uses

stops determines brings passes

works becomes goes freezes

4. Practice reading the words with the -ed suffix:

passed learned proved created irrigated

attached changed ushered inhabited invented

worked turned freed constructed interpreted

5.Practice reading the word combinations:

in the course of; man gradually learned; constructed roads, plants and irrigated deserts; the steam engine; were put into service; in the mode of production; made his work easier; time for creative work; he had to start them; correct errors; an entirely new era; of all production operations; can relieve; opens up broad horizons; the innumerable spiritual treasures.

TEXT 1 A

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS

In the course of his historic development man gradually learned to use the forces of nature and created our civiliza­tion. He managed to change the earth beyond recognition: inhabited vast expanses of wilderness, constructed roads, plants and irrigated deserts. Man is also the creator of the innumerable spiritual treasures of mankind: the wonderful works of art, literature and science. All this became possible thanks to man’s labour, his ability to learn, to understand and explain different phenomena of the material world.

In this progressive advance of man a particularly sig­nificant role belongs to energy.

First man learned to use the energy of fire. Many thou­sand years passed before man learned to use the energy of wind, water and steam, and later — electricity. For produ­cing electricity man discovered and began to use different energy resources: coal, oil, gas, peat, shale, hydropower and nuclear energy.

Not so long ago man invented and put into service the steam engine and steam locomotives. Then he attached the steam engine to looms and to various wheels and so work began to speed up.

The steam engine worked a revolution in the mode of pro­duction. The discovery and use of electricity brought about the industrial revolution. A multitude of machines — mechanical, steam and electrical — began to do man’s difficult and complex work. But man’s brain still controlled the machines doing the work. He started them, guided them and stopped them. He judged their work and corrected errors. His eyes, ears and sense of touch did the observing, and his brain interpreted their information. Then people invented machines and electronic computers which freed the worker not only of the performance of all produc­tion operations but even of control.

The machine made a great contribution to the spread of information and the advance of learning. The machine sys­tem made it possible to include science in production on a large scale. But it was a long and a hard way. It took the steam engine more than a century to develop its tremendous capacity to the full. The industrial revo­lution, brought about by the discovery and use of electrici­ty, took some 50—60 years to run its course.

The second half of the 20th century began an entirely new era — the era of the scientific and technological revolution. It is due to complex mechanization and full automation.

The discovery of the chain reaction of nuclear fission and the reaction of thermonuclear fusion promises mankind a practically unlimited source of energy. Now scientists began to study and use outer space for Man’s benefit.

All this is possible thanks to a wide introduction of scien­tific discoveries in production.

We live in the epoch when science becomes direct pro­ductive force of society. All-round automation determines the social consequences of the scientific-technological prog­ress. Automation will take over man’s manual work and electronic computers will relieve him of much of his mental work, leaving him time for creativity. It obliterates the dis­tinctions between physical and mental labour.

NOTES

1. In the course of — у ході, у процесі; протягом

2. Beyond recognition — до невпізнання

3. Thanks to (due to, owing to) — завдяки, внаслідок, у результаті

4. To put into service — поставити на службу

5. To judge smth.— давати оцінку, судити

6. (steam engine) worked a revolution — (паровий двигун) здійснив революцію

7. Mode of production — cnociб виробництва

8. To bring about — викликати, бути причиною

9. Sense of touch (of hearing, of sight, of smell, of taste) — чуття (дотику, слуху, зору, нюху, смаку)

10. To make (a great) contribution — зробити (великий) внесок

11. Spread of information (of knowledge, of science) — поширення інформації (знань, науки)

12. Advance of learning — розвиток освіти

13. To usher in a new era — сповіщати (відкривати) нову еру

14. Chain reaction — ланцюгова реакція

15. Nuclear fission — поділ ядра; розщеплення (атомного ядра)

16. Thermonuclear fusion — термоядерна реакція

17. To take over — брати на себе, заміняти

Answer the questions:

l. How has man changed the earth? 2. Who is the cre­ator of the material and spiritual treasures of mankind? 3. What sources of energy did man discover and use in his life activi­ty? 4. When did the first industrial revolution begin? 5. What made man’s work easier and gave him time for creative work?6.When does science become a direct productive force of so­ciety? 7. What are the consequences of the scientific-techno­logical revolution? 8. What is the great progress of science il­lustrated by? 9. Did man use first energy of fire or atom? 10. The machine made a great contribution to the spread of information, didn’t it?

Exercises

I. Form words after the models and translate them into Ukrai­nian:

a) V + -ment: to move — movement

to achieve, to employ, to advance, to attach, to treat, to judge, to equip, to establish;

b) V + -ion (-tion, -ation): to recognize — recognition

to observe, to inform, to irrigate, to obliterate, to interpret, to react, to civilize, to construct, to invent, to contribute;

c) V + -er (-or): to weave — weaver

to create, to construct, to irrigate, to use, to produce, to discover, to invent, to build, to control, to observe, to contrib­ute, to give, to perform, to compute, to turn;

d) A + -al: historic — historical

electric, physic, mechanic, mathematic, technologic, scientific, electronic, automatic.

II. Form words with opposite meaning by adding the prefixes un-, dis-, im-, in-, ir- to the proper group of words:

regular, advantage, appear, important, usual, able, direct, possible, probable, progressive, productive, significant, limited, easy, qualified, natural, complete.

III. Translate the following words into Ukrainian and state their part of speech:

science — scientist — scientific — scientifically;

physics — physicist — physical — physically;

conduct — conductor — conductive — conductivity;

to discover — discoverer — discovery;

to consider — consideration — considerable — consider­ably;

to create — creator —creation — creative — creativity.

IV. Write and read the plural form of the following nouns:

instrument, ability, oil, shale, gas, sheep, energy, fish, loom, engine, deer, life, tooth, touch, phenomenon, force, apparatus, nucleus, datum, crisis, radius, analysis, thesis.

V. Read and explain the meaning of “s” in the following words:

roads, horizons, plants, reads, works, physics, looms, years, mathematics, weapons, cybernetics, opens, speaks, colours, scissors, trousers, electronics, news, mechanics.

VI. Read the following international words and give their Uk­rainian equivalents:

construction; civilization, irrigation, literature, prog­ressive, locomotive, machine, revolution, production, con­trol, contribution, introduction, correction, complex, source, horizon, role, constructive, destructive.

VII. Choose English equivalents of the following Ukrainian words:

галузь a number of

винахід wide

наука knowledge

широкий science

вчений branch

декілька (низка, ряд) world

знання scientific

світ phenomenon

науковий scientist

явище achievement

досягнення invention