1.2. Summary lead

The structure of the article is as follows. The first part reviews / describes / clarifies / outlines / sketches… Part two portrays / dwells on / enlarges upon / shows that… Part three argues that… The final part proposes / summarizes / spells out in detail…

In this article the author reviews / debates the problem (and advantages) of… and argues that… He claims / demonstrates/ suggests that (insufficient attention has been paid to)… In particular, the author shows that…

In this article, the author attempts to clarify the relation of… and … To do so, he first presents… He then attempts to show that… In conclusion … is considered.

This paper presents a new (complex / algorithmic / structural) approach to the study of… The empirical results are described in part one. In part two, the author addresses / discusses / characterizes / comments on / specifies… Part three turns to…/ presents theoretical results. Part four concludes with a discussion of implications/ consequences of…

This article proposes a new methodological framework within which … can be studied. After analyzing the data, it is concluded that… The results of the study are evaluated and assessed in the light of the problems of… Additionally, … is examined.

2. Positive comments

The author’s investigation is an accurate / comprehensive / convincing analysis of..

is a profound / thorough description of…

supports the theory of…

The author’s study / analysis sheds new light on…

The author’s theory / proposal sounds attractive/ is elegant.

proved to be successful.

The author’s approach is quite / highly creative / effective / fruitful / innovative /

sophisticated/ sound.

The author offers in depth discussions on topics involving…

The article opens prospects for further study of…/ casts a new light on the question.

Gives rise to theoretical discussion / provokes reflection.

3. Criticism and objections

The author’s hypothesis leaves many questions open.

The author’s investigation generates controversy/ is a hot topic in debates.

The author’s method is far from a solution.

The author’s approach/ strategy has a number of disadvantages.

4. Data analysis

The author’s description rests on evidence obtained experimentally.

The author’s analysis rests on evidence available from biology.

5. Results and their representation

The author’s investigations/ analyses of these data reveal/ show that…

The findings of this study reveal that…

This study presents evidence to/ lends support to the hypothesis of…

The article reveals many ways in which this algorithm operates.

In general, the results of this research indicate…/ establish a clear pattern.

Seen as a whole, the results obtained suggest that…

Taken together, the results provide support for the model…

are encouraging.

This analysis serves to provide an explanation/ interpretation for…

The author’s explanation is based on the concept of…

6. Conclusion

In conclusion it may be said that…

To conclude, the author has explored…

Finally, the author turns to… / notes that…

The author’s conclusion focuses on the fact that…

To summarize / In summary / To sum up…

The major points covered by this paper can be summarized as follows…

Now we can conclude that…

In general / On the whole / Thus, the results gained by the author indicate that…

The author’s theorizing shows that…

The main findings of this study reveal / show how systematic these phenomena can be.