Different fiscal systems complicate reserve values
The value of hydrocarbon reserves in-the-ground varies dramatically worldwide because of the existence of numerous reserve categories and diverse fiscal systems.
For a company’s survival in the petroleum industry, value replacement is more important than reserve replacement. But unfortunately, when it comes to international reserve values, nobody seems to speak the same language. Discoveries are often measured in terms of gross recoverable reserves. But, reserve and financial transaction reporting differ widely.
Term uncertainty
In the U.S. during 1994, $4.50/bbl was the average price paid for proved developed producing reserves. In other words, reserves in-the-ground were worth about $4.50/bbl. Unfortunately, some of the confusion begins right here. Quoted U.S. reserve transaction values are based usually, but not always, on net-revenue-interest barrels. In fact, it is often impossible to determine from published sources whether working-interest barrels or net-revenue-interest barrels are quoted.
Some published U.S. reserve/production transaction data include working interest barrels while others record net-revenue-interest barrels. Unless the terms are defined, uncertainty will exist.
The U.S. Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) 10-K reporting requires
net-revenue-interest barrels. But unfortunately outside the U.S., this consistent
treatment disappears. In fact, the net-revenue-interest concept is almost nonexistent in countries with contractual systems.
Fiscal systems
Fig. 1 groups the world’s petroleum fiscal systems.
• Under royalty/tax systems, oil companies take title to produced hydrocarbons at the wellhead and then pay the appropriate royalties and taxes. The royalties are paid either in cash or in kind.
• In contractual systems, oil companies receive a fee for exploration, development, and production operation services.
• With a production sharing contract (PSC), the fee is a share of production so that ultimately the oil company takes title to a share of hydrocarbons—usually at the point of export.
• Service or risk service agreements are similar to PSCs except the fee is in cash.
The company does not take title to any hydrocarbons. This fact creates the confusion: How can a company book reserves it does not own?
Exercise 8. Study the figures 1, 2 and discuss.
1. The difference between definitions of reserves “booked” (fig.1)
2. Classification of petroleum fiscal systems (fig.2)
Royalty/tax
Production sharing
Gross
recoverable reserves Gross recoverable reserves
x
Working interest (%) x Working interest
(%) =
Working-interest reserves = Working-interest
reserves -
Royalty -
Royalty =
Net-revenue-interest bbl - Government
profit oil
=
Contractor entitlement*
*The contractor share of
profit oil is
usually
taxed.
Fig.1
Definitions of reserves “Booked”
Words and expressions
dramatically fiscal systems recoverable reserves net-revenue-interest
working-interest take title to
wellhead to pay in cash to pay in kind fee |
эффектно, поразительно налоговая система извлекаемые запасы доля чистого дохода компании от общего дохода по проекту процент участия брать право собственности на товар устье скважины платить наличными платить товаром плата |
Exercise 9. Discuss
Have you ever heard or read that a particular company has problems with revenue authorities? What company was it? What was the problem?
Do all businesses in Russia pay taxes in full? Why do you think some of them try to avoid taxes? What should the authorities do with such companies? Do you know what the auditors deal with?