The brain

Scientists consider that our brain is the most complicated mechanism whci has ever been conducted.

The weight of the human brain is from one to two kg. It has a volume of about 3.21 litres and consists of about 12 billion (миллиард) cells. It has been deter mined by the scientists that each cell is connected to the other directly or indirectly by nerve fibers.

The brain is the centre of a wide system of communi­cation. It has been found out that a constant flow of stimuli comes into the brain through the spinal cord. The4tf$ntlli^e come to the brain from our eyes, ears, and other sense organs for pain, temperature, smell and other feelings. When all the received stimuli have been summarized and analysed the brain sends orders through the nerve fibers in the spinal cord to different parts of the human body. It is due to. these_ orders that one eats, moves, hears, sees and does many other

To estimate the functions of different areas of the brain many experiments have been carried out by the investigators. It is due to such experiments the investigators have been able to determine those areas of the brain which control vision, hearing, physical movements and even emo­tions.

Due to experimental studies it has been determined that the motor cortex controlling many body movements of the human being becomes tired rapidly. But the hypothalamus which controls such functions as blood pressure is almost never tired.

Exercise 1.Make the following sentences negative and interrogative:

L The new methods of research had been included into my work. 2. The course of treatment has been prolonged. 3. The structure of the pancreas will have been described the new book.

Exercise 2. Translate these word combinations:

1. constant communications between sense organs; 2. complicated case; 3. in the heart area; 4. the feeling c pain; 5. to control a disease; 6. to examine hearing; 7. to analyse the dysfunction of movements

Органи відчуттів

Контролювати зір

Руховий відділ кори головного мозку

Постійний потік подразників

Нервові волокна

• What is brain?

• What functions does the human brain perform?

• What part of the brain controls blood pressure?

Reflexes

1. Topic vocabulary:

Nervous circuit - нервная цепь

Involuntary activity – непроизвольное действие

To bring about= to cause – вызывать

Pinprick –укол булавкой

To withdraw – отдергивать, отнимать

To involve - вовлекать

Conditioned reflex – условный рефлекс

Patellar reflex - коленный рефлекс

Plantar reflex - подошвенный рефлекс

Pupillary reflex – зрачковый рефлекс

Response - реакция

To salivate – выделять слюну

Jerk – судорожное подергивание

Pointed object – заостренный предмет

Bunching – группирование

Indication – признак, показатель

2. Translate the following word combinations:

Painful stimulus, nervous circuit, patellar reflex, plantar reflex, pupillary reflex, sensory stimulus, to associate the sound, feeding time, knee jerk, sensory nerves, motor neurons, a pointed object, outer border, the sole of the foot, flexor response, downward movement, upward movement, extensor response, sensitive indication, bright light, dim light.