Work of the Human Heart

Exercise 1. Translate the sentences

1. I have never been to Leningrad. 2. The patient has already restored his health and he can walk. 3. Have you ever performed any operation? 4. Professor Nikitin has just published his new book on the functions of the pancreas. 5. We haven't yet sent for the doctor, do it now, please.

Exercise 2. Определите, чем является слово 'since' в каждом из дан­ных предложений и переведите их:

1. I have not seen Comrade Klimov since then. 2. The students haven't attended the lectures in Physiology since the professor went to Leningrad. 3. My parents have lived in Moscow since last year. 4. My sister's health hasn't changed since she was discharged from the hospital. 5. The patient hasn't slept since early morning.

Exercise 3. В следующих парах предложений найдите и переведите ска­зуемые. Скажите, чем они отличаются друг от друга:

1. The doctor has not prolonged the treatment because the patient feels well. The treatment was prolonged because the patient still feels bad. 2. The doctor has not yet dis­charged the patient from the »clinic. The patient was not discharged from the clinic last week.

Text a.

The human heart contracts from the first moment of life until the last one. The contractions of the heart pump the blood through the arteries to all the parts of the body. Scientists have determined that the total weight of the blood pumped by the heart daily is about ten tons.

The rate of heart contractions is regulated by two groups of nerve fibers. It varies in different persons and at different age.

Physiologists have determined that in the adult the heart makes from 60 to 72 beats per minute. In children the rate of heartbeat is much higher. Research work of many scien­tists has helped to determine that the rate of heartbeat in­creases depending on different emotions.

Each beat of the heart is followed by a period of rest for the cardiac muscle. Each wave of contraction and a period of rest following it compose a cardiac cycle.

Research work has given physiologists the possibility to find out that the heart muscle works or contracts about one third of the time of the person's life. The period of rest is shorter during greater physical exertion and longer when the body is at rest.

Each cardiac cycle consists of three phases: physiolo­gists have called the first phase of short contraction of both atria — the atrial systole. They have called the second phase of a more prolonged contraction of both ventricles — the ven­tricular systole. The period of rest of the cardiac muscle is called the diastole.

The left ventricle discharged out the blood received by the left atrium from the pulmonary circulation through the aorta to the systemic circulation.

The blood received from the systemic circulation by the right atrium is discharged out of the, right ventricle to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries.

Prolonged research work of many physiologists has given the possibility to estimate the role of the ventricles which serve as the main pump. The atria act as receiving chambers. The contraction of the atria which sends the final portion of the blood into the ventricle is considerably less.

Exercise 1.Translate the following sentences:

1. The human heart begins to beat and pump blood quick­er than usual during the emotional stress. 2. The human heart makes 60-80 contractions per minute. 3. On physical exertion the heart has a short period of rest and the diastole becomes less. 4. The heart acts as a pump discharging out the blood to peripheral and pulmonary systems. 5. Ten tons of blood are pumped through the heart daily. 6. John Floyer, an English doctor (1649-1734), was the first scientist to find out the varying pulse rate in men.

Exercise 2. Put the verbs in the required form. Translate the following sentences:

1. The nurse already (to take temperature). 2. The doctor not yet (to use) this method of treatment. 3. She not (to see) her parents since May. 4. The nurse just (to determine) the patient's blood group.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:

1. Я часто посылаю письма своим родителям. 2. Я только что послал письмо своим родителям. 3. Вчера я послал письмо своим родителям. 4. Вчера я послал письмо своим родителям до того, как пошел на лекцию. 5. Какие фотографии вы посылаете сейчас своим родителям? 6. Я пошлю письмо своим родителям в следующий понедельник. 7. Я пошлю письмо своим родителям к концу этой недели.

Загальна вага крові

Серцебиття

Серцевий цикл

Скорочення серцевого м’язу

Фізична напруга

• What is the function of the heart?

• What composes the cardiac cycle?

• What is the normal heartbeat of the adult?