Nervous cells

Exercise 1. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

а) слабое здоровье, хрупкие клетки, тонкая операция; гладкие мышцы, ровная боковая поверхность; тихий отдых, спокойный сон; крепкое здоровье, глубокий сон

б) падать; я упал; больной заснул; я уронил термометр: закапать лекарство в глаза; он заболел пневмонией; позво­лять больному; больному позволили встать; врач не разре­шает мне утомляться; обеспечить; наша библиотека обес­печивает нас книгами

Exercise 2. Переведите слова, данные в скобках, а затем переведите предложения:

1. When the man feels (усталость) he (засыпает). 2. The external surface of the liver is (гладкая). 3. Sleep is of a great protective (значение) to the human being. 4. Please be (тихо), the patient has just fallen asleep. 5. When the doctor was examining the patient he determined that the heartbeat was (медленный).

Exercise 3. Прочтите текст

The nervous cells of the cortex are the most delicate of all the cells of the human body.

It is at the moment of tiredness of the cortical nervous cells that the process of inhibition begins to act. This pro­cess does not allow new stimuli to pass to the tired areas of the brain. To provide the smooth work of the brain the nervous cells must be well supplied with oxygen and feeding substances. And for this purpose any human being must have regular complete rest, i.e. sleep.

When the process of inhibition extends over a great number of cells, spreads widely over the cortex and even over the subcortical areas of the brain one falls asleep., When one sleeps the vital activity of the nervous system is restored. So sleep is of'a great protective significance to the human being.

The man sleeps about one third of his life. Numerous investigations and experiments have shown that sleep is more necessary for the human being than food. One can live longer without food than without sleep.

During a sound quiet sleep the whole activity of the human organism changes, 1he body metabolism decreases, the respiratory and pulse rates become slower, the body temperature drops. Though the stimuli continue to come into the brain, the inhibited cortical cells do not react to them.

Повний спокій

Забезпечувати живильними речовинами

Розповсюджуватися по корі головного мозку

Глибокий спокійний сон

Мати велике захисне значення для

• What is the process of inhibition?

• Why is sleep necessary for any living being?

• How much does a person sleep during his life?

The alimentary tract

Exercise 1. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

the lower portion of the stomach, let me see your tongue, the intestines are in the abdominal cavity, to measure the length of the bone, the tongue was coated

Exercise 2. Переведите следующие предложения:

1. The soft palate is a continuation of the soft tissues covering the hard palate. 2. The small intestine composed of three main portions is a thin-walled muscular tube. 3. The weight of the largest of the salivary glands is 28 gr.

Exercise 3. Translate into Russian:

1. One of the lungs has three lobes, the other one only two. 2. The brain of the man is heavier than that of any lower animal. 3. That portion of the alimentary tract which forms the large intestine consists of caecum, colon and rec­tum. 4. The valve that divides the atrium and the ventri­cle of the right chamber is called the tricuspid valve.

Exercise 4. Прочтите текст

The Alimentary Tract

The alimentary tract is a musculomembraneous canal about 8V₂ m (metres) in length. It extends from the oral cavity to the anus. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esoph­agus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The liver with gallbladder and pancreas are the large glands of the alimentary tract.

The first division of the alimentary tract is formed by the mouth. Important structures of the mouth, are. the teeth and the tongue, which is the organ of taste (вкуса). The soft and hard palates and the salivary glands are also in the oral cavity.

From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus and then to the stomach.

The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. It measures about 21-25 cm in length, 8-9 cm in its great­est diameter. It has a capacity of from 2.14 to 4.28 1 (litres).

The small intestine is a thin-walled muscular tube about 6.5 metres long. It is located in the lower and central por­tions of the abdominal and pelvic cavities. The small in­testine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

The large intestine is about 1.5 metres long. It is divid­ed into caecum, colon and rectum.

The liver is the largest gland in the human body. It is in the right upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. The liver is in the right side of the abdomen. The weight of the liver is 1,500 g.

The gallbladder is a hollow sac (мешок) lying on the lower surface of the liver.

The pancreas is a long thin gland lying under and be­hind the stomach.

Проходити через глотку та стравохід до шлунку

Нижня частина шлунку

Черевна порожнина

Товстий та тонкий кишечник

Дванадцятипала та підвздошна кишки

• What does alimentary tract consist of?

• What is the stomach?

• What is the largest gland in the human body?