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Robert Koch

Robert Koch was a prominent German bacteriologist, the founder of modern microbiology. He was born in 1843, died in 1910. When Koch became a doctor he carried on many experiments on mice (мышах) in a small laboratory. In 1882 Koch discovered tuberculosis bacilli. In his report made in the Berlin Physiological Society Koch described in_detail the morphology of tuberculosis bacilli and the ways to reveal them. Due to his discovery Koch became known all over the world. In 1884 Koch published his book on cholera. This book included the investigations of his research work carried out during the cholera epidemic in "Egypt and India. From the intestines of the men with cholera Koch isolated a small comma-shaped (в виде запя­той) bacterium. He determined that these bacteria spread through drinking water. In 1905 Koch got the Nobel prize for his important discoveries.

Form new words using the given suffixes. Translate the words:

-ence, -ance: occur, persist, exist, depend, 'enter, clear, appear;

-ment: impair, develop, move, establish, appoint, require;

-able: favour, control, vary, depend, value, consider;

-sion: invade, divide, conclude, decide, diffuse;

-th: deep, grow, wide, strong, long, warm, dead;

-ish: thin, fat, long, woman, yellow, thick;

-ful: use, hope, pain, harm, rest, thank, help

Важливе наукове відкриття

Видатний бактеріолог

Бацила туберкульозу

Розповсюджуватися через питну воду

Епідемія холери

• What is Robert Koch famous for?

• What did R. Koch investigate?

• What were R. Koch’s investigations connected with?

The Founder of Virology

Dmitry Iosiphovitch Ivanovsky, a prominent Russian scientist, was born in 1864. In 1888 he graduated from Petersburg University and began to study the physiolog of plants, and microbiology.

When D. I. Ivanovsky was investigating the tobacco mosaic disease (мозаичная болезнь табака) he was able to come to the conclusion that this disease occurred due to a microscopic agent, many times smaller than bacteria.

To prove this phenomenon D. I. Ivanovsky had to make many experiments on various plants. He had to pass the juice of the diseased plant through a fine filter which could catch the smallest bacteria. At that time a little over 70 years ago everybody considered that bacteria were the smallest living organisms. •.But when D.I. Ivanovsky had completed- to pass the juice through a fine filter, he was able to come to conclusion that the living organisms small­er than bacteria existed in the environment, because when he introduced the filtrate of the diseased plants to healthy ones they became infected.

Before D. I. Ivanovsky nobody had been able to prove the existence of viruses. Dmitry Iosiphovitch Ivanovsky was the first scientist who was able to establish the new branch of microbiology — virology.

Exercise 1. Переведите слова, данные в скобках, а затем переведите предложения:

1. (Все) understood well the significance of this problem. 2. (Никто) felt tiredness after a long walk. 3. Can you see (что-нибудь) on the lateral surface of the right lower extremity? 4. Does the pain spread (куда-нибудь) when you breathe in? 5. There is (ничего) new about the pro­cess of inhibition in the report.

Exercise 2. Put the predicates info Past:

1. The infant must move as much as possible for the proper development of the body. 2. In this patient the proper functions of the heart can be impaired due to the grippe. 3. During work one must give rest to the organism (particularly to the brain and the eyes) every hour or half an hour. 4. His constant tiredness may impair his heart.

Exercise 3. Make the sentences negative and interrogative:

1. The researcher had to include various significant findings of his observations into the report. 2. At present the surgeon has to extend his investigations to make a proper conclusion. 3. We have to increase the amount of food given to this patient.

Вивчати фізіологію рослин

Прийти до висновку

Засновник вірусології

Існувати в оточуючому середовищі

Заражена рослина

• Who is considered to be the founder of virology?

• What is D.I. Ivanovsky famous for?

• What did D.I. Ivanovsky investigate?

Text: Sir Alexander Fleming.

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

EXERCISE 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Research [ ri s: t∫]

Bacteria [b æ k ti ə ri ə]

Colony [kl ə ni ]

Dangerous [ d e i n d ə r ə s]

Expert [eksp: t]

Experiment [ iks perimənt]

Appear [ə pi ə]

Disappear [dis ə  pi ə]

Immediately [ i mi:di ə tli]

Growth [ grəu]

Pure [ pu ə]

Penicillin [peni  silin]

Biology [ bai l əd i]

Biologist [bai  l əd ist]

Pure [ pju ə ]

Cure [ kju ə]

EXERCISE 2. Topic vocabulary:

Research – (часто pl) наукове дослідження; вивчення; дослідницька робота; досліджувати, займатися дослідженнями;

Investigation – дослідження;

Dangerous – небезпечний, ризикований;

to disappear – зникати, пропадати; щезати;

immediately – негайно, невідкладно; як тільки;

phenomena – pl від phenomenon – явище;

numerous – численний;

to grow (grew; grown) – рости; посилюватися; збільшуватися;

Growth – ріст, зростання; розвиток;

By means of – за допомогою;

Expert – досвідчений; обізнаний (в, на - at, in); кваліфікований; знавець, експерт; фахівець;

Discover – відкриття;

Production – продуктивність;виробництво;виготовлення;

Pure – чистий; бездомішковий;

to cure – лікування; виліковувати, зціляти(ся);

to mark – відзначати; позначати.

EXERCISE 3. Read the following words, paying attention to the rules of reading:

[ ] – come; become, accompany; comfort, discomfort.

[ ə  ] – dangerous, fibrous, nervous, infectious, various, croupous.

[ ] – autumn; because, August, trauma.

[ d] – Damage, cabbage, marriage, passage, message, cartilage, storage.

[ ə] – Bacterium, cementum, sputum, fungus, August, septum, tetanus, serum, column, autumn.

[ ə ] – bacteria, pneumonia, insomnia, edema, anuria, malaria, cholera.

[ a] – ( - i . pl. ) – cocci, calculi, fungi, bacilli, glomeruli, streptococci.

EXERCISE 4. Translate the following word combinations:

Research work; bacterial action; dangerous bacteria; to study the phenomenon; experiments on animals; to stop the growth; to appear on dry bread; a method of extracting pure penicillin; to interest biologists; the beginning of penicillin treatment; to receive the Nobel Prize; to save the life.

EXERCISE 5. Match the following terms with their definitions:

Bacteria	- any of a group of antibiotics with powerful bactericidal action, used to treat many types of infections, including pneumonia, gonorrhoea, and infections caused by streptococci and staphylococci: originally obtained from the fungus Penicillium, esp P. notatum;
pneumonia	- any of various chemical substances, such as penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, produced by various microorganisms, esp. fungi, or made synthetically and capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, esp. bacteria;
Antibiotic	- a very large group of microorganisms comprising one of the three domains володіння of living organisms. They are prokaryotic, unicellular одноклітинний, and either free-living in soil or water or parasites of plants or animals;
Microbe	- inflammation of one or both lungs, in which the air sacs (alveoli) become filled with liquid, which renders виконувати them useless for breathing. It is usually caused by bacterial (esp. pneumococcal) or viral infection
Penicillin	- any microscopic organism, esp. a disease-causing bacterium.

EXERCISE 6. a). Pay attention to Grammar.

He said: » I get up at eight o'clock. » Не said, "We have finished our work." He said, "I will write the letter tomorrow."

Не said that he got up at eight o'clock. Не said that they had finished their work. Не said that he would write the letter the next day.

*Вказівні займенники та прислівники часу та місця в прямій мові замінюються в непрямій мові за змістом іншими словами, як і в українській мові:

this	замінюється на that
these		–	those
now		–	then
today		–	that day
tomorrow		–	the next day
the day after tomorrow		–	two days later
the day before yesterday		–	two days before
next			the next
ago next year в будущем году		–	before the next year, the follow­ing year в следующем году
here		–	there
yesterday		–	the day before накануне

b). Change the following sentences into Indirect speech:

1. The doctor said: “As soon as the analysis of the gastric juice is ready, I will administer you a treatment”.

2. "This plate cannot be used for the experiment," said the assistant.

3. "Some mould [mould] (плесень) has formed on it and I'll have to take another plate," he said.

4. The assistant said: “The dish is dotted усівати with bacterial growth, apart from one area where a patch пляма неправильної форми of mould is growing”.

5. But he said: "Everywhere I go people thank me for saving their lives. I do not know why they do it. I didn't do anything. Nature makes penicillin. I only found it."

6. The researcher said: “The disease spread very rapidly from one place to another and thousands of healthy people died.”

EXERCISE 7. Read the text and then translate it paying attention to Emphatic Construction:

TEXT: Sir Alexander Fleming.

Fleming (centre) receiving the Nobel Prize from King Gustaf Vof Sweden (right), 1945

Alexander Fleming was born in 1881. He did research work at one of the hospitals in London and became interested in bacterial action and antibacterial drugs.

One day Fleming's assistant brought him a plate on which a colony of dangerous bacteria were being grown. "This plate cannot be used for the experiment," said the assistant. "Some mould [mould] (плесень) has formed on it and I'll have to take another plate." Fleming was ready to allow his assistant to do so. Then he looked at the plate and saw that the bacteria around the mould had disappeared. Fleming understood the importance of what had happened and immediately began to study the phenomenon.

He placed some mould on other plates and grew more colonies. By means of numerous experiments on animals he determined that this new substance was not toxic to the tissues and stopped the growth of the most common patho­genic bacteria.

Fleming called this substance penicillin. * It is of the same той (цей) самий family of moulds that often appear on dry bread.

But many investigations had been carried out before a method of extracting pure penicillin was found. It was also very difficult for Fleming to interest biologists and mould experts in penicillin and to decide the problem of its production.

In 1942 Fleming tried his own first experiment. A friend of his was very ill, dying. After several injections of penicillin the man was cured. It marked the beginning of penicillin treatment.

Fleming received the Nobel Prize for his great discovery. But he said: "Everywhere I go people thank me for saving their lives. I do not know why they do it. I didn't do anything. Nature makes penicillin. I only found it."

*It is …that – саме…

Penicillin was discovered by chance, after Fleming accidentally left a dish of staphylococcus bacteria uncovered for a few days. He returned to find the dish dotted усівати with bacterial growth, apart from one area where a patch пляма неправильної форми of mould (Penicillin notatum) was growing. The mould produced a substance, named penicillin by Fleming, which inhibited bacterial growth and was later found to be effective against a wide range of harmful bacteria. However, *it was not until World War II that penicillin, the first antibiotic, was finally isolated by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain. Fleming, Florey and Chain received a Nobel Prize in 1945, for their discovery which revolutionized революціонізувати medicine and led to the development of lifesaving antibiotics. *it was not until … that – тільки …

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

EXERCISE 8. Answer the questions:

1. When was Alexander Fleming born?

2. Where did Alexander Fleming do his research work?

3. What did Sir Alexander Fleming become interested in?

4. How was Penicillin discovered?

5. Why did Fleming begin to study the phenomenon of penicillin immediately?

6. How did Alexander Fleming call the substance?

7. When and how did Fleming try his own first experiment with penicillin?

8. How did Sir Alexander Fleming explain his great discovery?

9. What Prize did Fleming receive for his great discovery?

10. When did Fleming, Florey and Chain receive a Nobel Prize?

EXERCISE 9. Approve or contradict the following statements:

1. Penicillin was discovered by chance.

2. Sir Alexander Fleming based his medical practice on observations and on the study of the human body.

3. Penicillin inhibits bacterial growth and is effective against a wide range of harmful bacteria.

4. However, it was not until World War I that penicillin, the first antibiotic, was finally isolated by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain.

5. Fleming, Florey and Chain received a Nobel Prize in 1954 for their discovery.

EXERCISE 10. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Fleming's accidental discovery and isolation of penicillin in September 1928 marks the start of modern antibiotics. (What)

2. Fleming also discovered very early that bacteria developed antibiotic resistance whenever кожного разу, коли too little penicillin was used or when it was used for too short a period. (When)

3. Almroth Wright had predicted antibiotic resistance even before it was noticed during experiments. (When)

4. Fleming cautioned about the use of penicillin in his many speeches around the world. (What)

5. Fleming cautioned not to use penicillin unless there was a properly diagnosed reason for it to be used, and that if it were used, never to use too little, or for too short a period, since these are the circumstances under which bacterial resistance to antibiotics develops.(Who)

EXERCISE 11. Translate the Modal verbs or their equivalents given in brackets into English and then translate the sentences:

1. To fight against any infectious disease successfully a doctor (повинен) know its origin. 2. The redness on the lateral surface of the arm (може) disappear after the treat­ment. 3. To determine the origin of the tobacco mosaic disease Ivanovsky (повинен був) carry out many experiments on the plants. 4. The doctor (слід) know all the properties of a drug before he gives it to the patient. 5. At the next conference one of the researchers of this labor­atory (слід буде) report on his discovery in detail. 6. The medical students (дозволять) operate on the patients only in the fifth year. 7. It is only in the presence of oxygen that aerobic microorganisms (можуть) mul­tiply rapidly.

Антибактеріальні ліки

Небезпечне захворювання

Виділяти чистий пеніцилін

Вивчати явище

Велике відкриття

• What is A. Fleming famous for?

• Who was the first scientist to extract penicillin in its pure form?

• What did A. Fleming receive the Nobel Prize for?