3. Group these word combinations into these columns following the principle: who actor? what action ?

threatens to disrupt supplies, shut off the pipeline, doubled the price, had been feuding over gas and oil prices, cut off the vital Druzhba oil pipeline, must diversify its energy supplies, should work with biofuels, should look in the hydrogen economy, must do everything to secure the interests of Western consumers, is/are having to think about energy security, a need to try and develop a more coherent response on energy , use energy as a political tool

Russia	Belarus	Europe

4. Give the synonyms to the words: to feud, a stand-off

C - Comprehension Test 5

1. In January 2007 Europe had to contemplate A Russia's oil production future B new oil and gas supplies agreement C the future of its oil and gas supplies	2.Russia’s energy policy triggered the situation as A Belarus insulted Russia B Russia increased the price for fuel twice C Russia increased price for all exported goods twice
3.The reaction from Belarus was A a price hike for oil on its territory B they rose price for oil carried across the country C a massive purchasing of oil from abroad	4. With all that Europe has to A adjust their economy to the situation B be dependent from oil. C give up search for sources of alternative energy
5. Angela Merkel promised A to fix prices as high as in Moscow B to exert pressure on Moscow C to discuss the options with Moscow	6. She also believes that Germany A is to shut down nuclear reactors B shouldn’t close down nuclear power stations C it is wise to cease the work of nuclear power stations
7. President Vladimir Putin told his government A to continue talks with Belarus B did everything to secure its strategic resources C should do everything to guarantee trouble-proof supplies to EU	8. There is a need for Europe to try and develop A a more consistent approach to energy issues B a more coherent measures to punish Belarus C a more coherent response to Russia’s initiatives
9. If Europe doesn’t work out a clear energy supplies strategy A Russia will stop being a big player B Russia will do it for the European countries C Russia will dictate its political will to all countries	10. European countries will always look for alternatives as A no country wants to be dependable on Russia B no country wants to have foreign supplies C no country wants to rely on a single foreign supplier
11. The reporter suggests that Russia might deal with Western countries A altogether B separately C only with countries of Eastern Europe	12.Tim Williams believes that Russia’s domination in the European oil and gas market A will lead to the growth of funding nuclear energy projects B renew investments in nuclear weapons development C may contribute to renewed investment in fossil fuel research

B - Comprehension Test 5

Part 1

1. Why did the European politicians have to address the problem of oil and gas in January 2007?

2. Why did Belarus threaten to cease supplies to Europe?

3. How many countries was Belarus going to “switch off”?

4. Why did Belarus decide to shut off the pipeline?

Part 2

Europe Correspondent Rafael Epstein and EU Energy Commissioner Andris Piebalgs RAFAEL EPSTEIN: Belarus and Russia _____________over gas and oil prices, but on the 1st of January, Russia ____________of its gas. The response from Minsk was a massive rise in the price of oil carried across its territory. Moscow refused to pay, and the result was Belarus _______________

_______________________________________________________________

That pipeline carries half of all Russia's oil exports to Europe, and with Russia supplying around______________, and even more of its imported gas, it's a ______________that has Europe worried. The EU's Energy Commissioner, Andris Piebalgs, says such dramatic disputes mean Europe must_______________________________________________. ANDRIS PIEBALGS: I would say it is really not acceptable. Security of supply can't be built on_______________________. But we should look generally for_______________, because now we are most dependent if our economy is from oil. So it means that we should work______________. We should look in the ______________-. We really should look upon what could be alternatives if there is a really definite problem with our supplies globally.

Part 3

Europe Correspondent Rafael Epstein and an analyst at the Royal United Services Institute in London Tim Williams

RAFAEL EPSTEIN: With Germany currently holding the presidency of the EU, Chancellor Angela Merkel said the dispute is__________________, and she'll _________________________later this month. She also questioned the wisdom of plans in Germany __________________________over the next decade. In response, Russian President Vladimir Putin told his government ministers that negotiations with Belarus must continue, and that Russia must "do everything _________________________". Tim Williams is an analyst at the Royal United Services Institute in London. TIM WILLIAMS: A lot of European countries are having to think about energy security in ways that they didn't have to before. There is a need for Europe to try and develop_________________, because otherwise big players such as Russia can just ____________and ___________________________.

Part 4

Europe Correspondent Rafael Epstein and an analyst at the Royal United Services Institute in London Tim Williams

RAFAEL EPSTEIN: Is the response then, if that's the way Russia's going to act, that's even more of a reason why ____________________is an option? TIM WILLIAMS: Possibly, yes, but I think, in any case, countries would never be happy in the long-term to have__________________, so they'll always look at alternatives. Obviously if Russia is going to use energy as _______________, then that will only increase governments' feelings that that's what they should do, that they should diversify.

But it may well contribute to_______________________, yes.

A - Comprehension Test 5

1. How does the Europe correspondent characterize disputes between Russia and Belarus over gas and oil prices?

2. What steps were made by Russia on the 1st of January 2007?

3. What were the countermeasures of Belarus?

4. How much of Europe is supplied by this pipeline?

5. What were European countries concerned about?

6. What according to Andris Piebalgs Europe must do to avoid the repetition of the crisis?

7. What situation is impermissible when it comes to security of supply in Energy Commissioner’s opinion?

8. What are possible alternatives to oil and gas energetics?

9. What is Angela’s Merkel attitude towards the dispute? What did she promise to do right after the oil scandal broke out?

10. What plans of German politicians she believes to be ill-considered in the view of oil and gas supply insecurity?

11. What is Vladimir Putin quoted to say in response?

12. What is first thing for Europe to do reckoning its dependence on Russia’s oil and gas?

13. What are the fears, regarding Russian oil and gas policy that the London analyst articulates?

14. What source of energy is precisely viewed in this part as an option?

15. What can be a source of dissatisfaction for any European country in the long term?

16. What use is Russia going to make of being rich in oil and gas according to London analyst?

17. How is it likely to affect investment flows?

Text 6.

EU travellers face tougher US flight security

At home

1. Discuss the following.

a) What can be the reasons for toughening flight security measures for Europeans travelling to the USA? Surf the Internet for the information about Al-Qaeda’s presence in Europe?

b) Why is the lady in the picture so angry? What kind of inconveniences experienced by passengers of airlines does the cartoon reflect?

2. Look at the text title and complete the sentences according to their possible occurrence in the text.

Now European visitors may have to…

The warning from the top US official comes as…

It's not unreasonable to say…

3 a). Form nouns with the meaning of the actor from these verbs

correspond		support
watch		publish
terrify		host
worry		protect

3 b). Fill in the gaps with the help of expressions above:

1. She is a legislator and former _____________ of a police TV show.

2. I stand before you in the spirit of pure public service — not as a _____________ of the status quo, but as an agent of change.

3. There are no forbidden foods on weight______________ .

4. The University management team has extensive editorial and managerial experience with traditional_________________ .

5. Ultra-sensitive to their environment and to the criticism of others, excessive _____________may see anything -- and anyone -- as a potential threat.

6. A __________ or on-the-scene reporter is a journalist or commentator who contributes reports to a newspaper, or radio or television news, from a remote, often distant, location.

7. Of course, to Americans, the terrorist attack of 11 September 2001, is the most visible definition of terrorism and what a ________________ is.

8. President Barack Obama's profile page includes photos, events, posted items, wall posts and links to _______________ and groups.