4.25 Translate the sentences.

a) Mind: before раньше, впереди, перед, скорее чем; раньше чем; прежде/перед тем, как; beforehand заранее, заблаговременно

1. Before the calculation was performed the scientists had given all the data to the machine. 2. Before the calculation the scientist could not answer this question. 3. Before the magnetic tape reader was invented the punched tape reader had been used. 4. Don’t come before I call you. 5. He would die before lying. 6. Your whole life is before you. 7. The derailment of the train took place just before my eyes. 8. That happened just before you arrived. 9. Do it before you forget. 10. He is before me in class. 11. It will be five years before we graduate from the University and become engineers. 12. Don’t forget to be beforehand with your boss. 13. You’d have done it beforehand. 14. One should think beforehand.

4.26 a) Make sure you know well, translate the sentences.

a) well - здоровый; хорошо; очень, гораздо, далеко; удачно, благополучно; разумно, правильно; b) well off богатый; состоятельный; зажиточный; c) as well - пожалуй, стоит; вдобавок; сверх того; тоже; также; заодно; d) as well as - так же, как и; e) well enough; all very well вполне годный; сносный; неплохой; по-своему хороший; f) extremely well отлично; perfectly well прекрасно; pretty well вполне хорошо; сносно; весьма, хорошенько; как следует;

1. This machine works well. 2. Digital computers can solve analogue problems as well. 3. All computing machines must have output units as well as input units. 4. This machine is well enough. 5. Nowadays computers are available not only for well-off people. 6. This up-to-date model is perfectly well. 7. You’ve done it pretty well, indeed!

b) match the following with the hints below the line.

1. Leave well alone. 2. Margarine is well enough in its way, but I prefer butter. 3. it’s all very well to say that afterwards. 4. Well done! 5. Well begun is half done you are 6. well able to do this yourself. 7. he doesn’t know when he’s well off. 8. I wish him well. 9. his manners speak well for his upbringing. 10. he did very well for himself. 11. well met! 12. do oneself well. 13. you would do well to insure your luggage. 14. it may well be true. 15. you may well ask. 16. one cannot well refuse. 17. well, I never! 18. well then? 19. well, what’s it about? 20. oh well, it can’t be helped.

H ints: *маргарин — вещь неплохая, но я предпочитаю масло; *лучшее — враг хорошего. *легко говорить задним числом. *здорово! молодец! *лиха беда начало. *вы прекрасно можете с этим справиться сами. *он не знает своего счастья. *по его манерам видно, что он получил хорошее воспитание.*я ему желаю благополучия. *это вполне возможно; не исключено, что это так.*он прекрасно устроил свои дела. *удачная встреча! *ни в чём себе не отказывать. *вам бы следовало застраховать свой багаж. *вопрос нелишний. *неудобно отказать; как здесь откажешь? *вот те на! подумать только! вот какие дела! *ну как? ну так что же? *да в чём дело? *(ну) что ж, ничего не поделаешь. *от добра добра не ищут.

4.25 Translate the attributive groups: input unit, output device, program data, paper tape, magnetic tape typer, recorded magnetic tape, рrосess control, punched card reader, analogue-to-digital converter, keyboard magnetic tape typer, disk reading and writing operations.

4.26 Define the Tense of the Predicate, choose the right translation for it from: выдает (сейчас); выдал; выдавал; (была) выдана; выдавалась; выдает (вообще); уже выдана; выдается.

1. Input mechanisms produce information in the form of machine language. 2. This new input mechanism has produced the necessary informa­tion very quickly. 3. The punched card recorder was producing the input information at that moment. 4. The old cardpunch was producing the input information after the new one had already produced all the data. 5. The magnetic tape typer is producing the information. 6. The information is displayed onto the monitor. 7. The information had been displayed on the screen before the program failed. 8. All the data has been already produced and provided with a set of instructions.

Text 4D The Internet

a) Look at the title & answer the question: What do you know about the topic? Read the article & discuss it.

(1) The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a mil­itary experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one com­puter to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet switching. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such packet-switching network, which has already survived a war, is the Iraqi computer network that was not knocked out during the Gulf War.

(2) Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50 %) are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other coun­tries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet, there are millions worldwide, and their number is growing by thou­sands each month.

(3) The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people, who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are avail­able on the Internet: reading USENET News, using the World Wide Web, telnet, FTP, and Gopher.

(4) In many developing countries the Internet may provide business­men with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecom­munications systems of these countries. Commercial users can com­municate cheaply over the Internet with the rest of the world. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their countries or around the world. But who actually pays for sending e-mail messages over me Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: users pay their service provider a monthly or hourly fee. Part of this fee goes towards its costs to connect to a larger service provider, and part of the fee received by the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations.

(5) But saving money is only the first step. If people see that they can make money from the Internet, commercial use of this network will drastically increase. For example, some western architecture compa­nies and garment centers already transmit their basic designs and con­cepts over the Internet into China, where they are reworked and refined by skilled — but inexpensive — Chinese computer-aided-design spe­cialists.

(6) However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you send an e-mail message to somebody, this message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special comput­ers called routers. However, because of this, it is possible to get into any of the computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. In spite of the fact that there are many good encoding programs available, nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without any form of encod­ing, i.e. "in the clear". (7) But when it becomes necessary to send impor­tant information over the network, these encoding programs may be useful. Some American banks and companies even conduct transac­tions over the Internet. However, there are still both commercial and technical problems, which will take time to be resolved.

b) Match:

• even / however / over / in spite of the fact that / by / into / through / along / still / towards / only / for example / because of this / already / during / around / more than / although / for

// по / даже / через / вдоль / еще / к / в / посредством (кем?) / только / уже / например / однако / из-за этого / несмотря на тот факт, что / во время / более, чем / около, вокруг / для / хотя

• the most important / received / skilled / inexpensive / such / packet-switching / avail­able

// умелый / наиважнейший / полученный / такой / доступный / неопытный / пакетного подключения

• to send an e-mail message / to travel through many different networks and computers / to intercept / to get into any computer / to take time to be resolved / to cover a larger service provider / to drastically increase / to transmit their basic designs and con­cepts / to rework / to refine / to embrace / it is possible / it becomes necessary

// проходить через множество разных сетей и компьютеров / передавать свои базовые разработки и концепции / покрывать (затраты) более крупного провайдера / проникать в любой компьютер / включать /нужно время для решения / отправить сообщение по электронной почте / перехватывать / решительно (неуклонно) возрастает / усовершенствовать / переработать, обработать / становится необходимо / возможно.

c) Translate. both commercial and technical problems / a router / network / a monthly or hourly fee / its costs to connect to / a part of this fee goes / its cost of running a worldwide network / wires and wireless stations / saving money / the first step / commercial use / security / computer-aided-design spe­cialists / i.e. "in the clear" / over the Internet / along the route / the data being sent / the Iraqi computer network / to be knocked out / the Gulf War / just route around / to survive a war / can be counted fairly accurately / nuclear explosion / the number of host computers / nobody knows exactly / worldwide / is growing by thou­sands / to have access / sending and receiving.

d) Ask your fellow students:

1. what the Internet is; 2. when, where and how the Internet began; 3. what is the main principle of the information sending over the Internet; 4. How this technology is called; 5. where most of the Internet host computers are located; 6. how many people use the Internet; 7. what Internet service is the most popular; 8. to name other popular services avail­able on the Internet; 9. what he (she) uses the Internet for; 10. to compare the Internet with telecom­munications systems; 11. what users pay their service provider; 12. what people can make from the Internet; 13. to speak about some western architecture compa­nies and garment centers' activities over this network; 14. whether any problems remain, and which ones; 15. what special comput­ers directing the data towards its destination are called; 16. if there are many good encoding programs available; 17. what for these encoding programs may be useful; 18. if nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without any form of encod­ing; 19. what American banks and companies conduct over the Internet.

4.28 Fill operate, software, install, circuits, overload, transmit, comprehensive packages, users, screen, Internet in:

1. Learning to … a computer is not as diffi­cult as many people think. 2. Computers can be expensive to buy, but you can often get … containing all the equipment you need at a discount from big companies. 3. Some companies will even … the system for you. 4. Your system will also include various kinds of … such as word-processing and game programmes, all stored on disks. 5. When you put the disk into the computer, the pro­gramme or information can be displayed on the … . 6. Many computer … go on the ... . 7. This is a system that links computers, making it possible to … information from one system to another in a different place via the telephone. 8. This can cause problems, because addicts who use their computers all the time can … the phone … meaning that other people cannot make ordinary phone calls.

4.29 State the function of the infinitive and translate the following.

1. Automation is one of the ways to increase the productivity. – автоматизация один из способов (какой?) повысить / повышения / производительность (определение). 2. To join these two pieces of metal it is necessary to heat them. – (для чего?) Чтобы соединить / для соединения / эти два куска металла, необходимо их нагреть (обстоятельство цели). 3. Everybody knows railroads to have different kinds of trains. – Все знают, (что?) что на железных дорогах есть разные виды поездов (субъектный инфинитивный оборот). 4. To release the mighty power of nuclear energy means to open up boundless prospects for progress. – (что?) Освободить могучую силу ядерной энергии – значит (что сделать?) открыть безграничные возможности для прогресса (подлежащее, часть сказуемого)

1. Tо solve a complex problem it is necessary to have the program. 2. Each problem to be solved will require its own set of instructions. 3. The computer was designed to solve complex problem. 4. The purpose of a computer was to per­form counting operations. 9. The input switching system selects the input to be read into the computer. 10. The telephone companies are campaigning to have the Internet system regulated by laws. 11. Although schools can be expected to use the Internet responsibly, some indi­viduals cannot. 12. To use the Internet is useful and fascinating. 13. Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers. 14. Sometimes they are considered a blessing, sometimes a Devil’s invention. 15. This computer is to be tested.

4.30 Make up a dialogue or a discussion using Text 4D.