
- •Содержание
- •Предисловие
- •Unit I. Professions. The Work Itself
- •Applied social psychology Stuart Oskamp
- •Working Conditions (Impersonal)
- •Interpretation of the Text
- •Key Notions and Words Complete the list of the vocabulary using dictionaries and reference books, transcribe the words and practice their pronunciation.
- •Learn the necessary vocabulary and complete the list.
- •Vocabulary Exercises
- •I. Give synonyms to the following words and explain the difference in their usage and meaning:
- •II. Fill in the gaps.
- •III. Translate from Russian into English.
- •IV. Translate from English into Russian.
- •V. Look at this article from “Today” and put words from below in the spaces. Not all the words are used.
- •200,000 Pounds to fly smokeless sultan
- •Getting the ax
- •VII. Jobless combinations. 'Jobless' is often used in the combinations below. Group the expressions under the three headings.
- •VIII. Match the two parts of the expressions and use them to complete the article from “Newsweek”.
- •Discussion Exercises
- •I. Read the following text and answer the questions.
- •While discussing the text use the following conversational formulas.
- •Work and wages: in whose interest?
- •II. Look through the text again and say what the secret of an ideal job is; what the sources of unemployment are.
- •III. Comment on the following proverbs. Choose one to express your viewpoint better. Account for your choice.
- •IX. Would you agree with the presented professional code of interpreters? What would you add or cross out?
- •Code of Professional Conduct and Business Practices
- •Interpreter code of ethics
- •Code of Ethics
- •Профессиональный кодекс члена союза переводчиков россии
- •X. Study the article. Agree or disagree. Are there any peculiarities of this job in your town/ city?
- •Tricks of the trade: tips for finding a translator
- •When Do You Need a Translator?
- •Finding a Translator
- •When Purchasing Translations – Ask the Following:
- •XI. From the following dialogue list the problems which interpreters can face in daily life.
- •Do you agree with the interviewee on the issues discussed?
- •Каково это – быть переводчиком?
- •XII. Think of some necessary tools of interpreters. Is pc indispensable in present day reality for adequate translation? What is your personal experience of using it for professional purposes?
- •Do you believe in future computer translation? What may be the typical errors of machine translation (give examples)?
- •Tour-guide
- •Key Notions and Words
- •XIII. Rules and Regulations.
- •Положение
- •1. Общие положения
- •2. Квалификационные требования к профессии гида-переводчика:
- •3. Квалификационные требования к профессии экскурсовода:
- •XV. Read the general description of tourist destinations paying special attention to the word combinations in bold type and their meaning.
- •1. Complete the expressions and collocations in these sentences, using words from the text above.
- •2. Look through the extracts from travel and tourist advertisements and complete the exercises following them
- •3. In your own words, say what they mean. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •4. Use words from the extracts to fill the gaps, based on the words given in brackets.
- •5. Answer these questions
- •XVI. Professional Humour.
- •XVII. Look through the given ads.
- •1) Make up your own.
- •2) Write an application, advertising your services as a tour-guide.
- •XVIII. Write a letter advertising your services as an interpreter or a translator.
- •XIX. Write an essay, describing a day in the life of: a) an ordinary tour-guide; b) the chief of the tour/traveling agency (about 350 words). Use the following notes:
- •Project work Carry out your project work and make its presentation “Famous cities”.
- •Unit II. Professions Teachers and teaching
- •Laughter William Saroyan
- •Interpretation of the text
- •Key notions and words
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •VII. Translate from Russian into English.
- •VIII. Give three lexical exercises of your own based on three levels: word, word combination, sentence.
- •IX. Use appropriate grammar and vocabulary to make your speech more initiative, convincing, argumentative, emotional, imaginative:
- •X. Study the text and find Russian equivalents for the words in bold type. Translate the text from English into Russian. Teachers of english
- •XI. Translate from Russian into English paying special attention to the words in bold type. Не заставляйте их ходить в школу Может быть, тогда они перестанут создавать нам проблемы
- •Discussion exercises
- •The qualities of a teacher
- •V. Do profound reading of the text and express your opinion on the following:
- •What is education for?
- •What is it for you personally? an education for life?
- •The reality of teaching in a comprehensive school in 1986
- •VII. What might be the response of h.C. Dent to the authors of all above mentioned texts?
- •IX. Think over the technique of the text presentation:
- •X. Comment upon the following essays. Render their contents in your own words. Say whether your personal impressions coincide with the author's. A School Playground
- •In Praise of Teachers
- •Rules and regulations
- •XIII. Match the two halves correctly to make reasonable instructive rules and regulations:
- •XIV. Put the words in the correct order to make quotations of famous people:
- •XV. Choose several pairs of controversial quotations. Account for your choice finding evidence to support your answer.
- •XVII. What text, quotation, rule, proverb … corresponds to h.C. Dent’s points of view most of all? Prove it. How do they correspond to your personal opinion?
- •XVIII. Topical points for creative writing projects (essay, composition, article, verses, etc.):
- •Unit III. Language and Culture
- •How to be an alien g. Mikes (1912-1987) a warning to beginners
- •Here are some more texts by g. Mikes. How do they add each other? Prepare their analyses. Soul and understatement
- •The weather
- •Examples For Conversation For Good Weather
- •For Bad Weather
- •Key notions and words
- •Vocabulary Exercises
- •I. Translate the following sentences with active vocabulary from English into Russian. Make up your own sentences.
- •II. Match the words under column a with their synonyms under column b.
- •Ш. Translate the following sentences with particular care for the marked models: If smb does (did, had done) smth – smb will do (would do, would have done) smth; Should smb do smth – smb will do smth.
- •Discussion Exercises
- •IV. Read the following texts and say whether you agree or disagree with the author’s understanding of cross-cultural communication and the problems of it. Cross-cultural communication
- •Cultural kernels
- •The clash of cultures … and how to avoid it
- •Linguistic categories and culture
- •VI. Read and study the following article and then say how it proves the words given above. Point out the main features of a scientific text. Translate the article from English into Russian.
- •IX. Read the story and answer the questions following it. Discuss it with your group mates. Diary of a pilgrimage
- •XI. Read the following Russian article about mistakes made by translators, analyze them and translate the article form Russian into English. Ошибки переводчиков поднимают мертвых из могил
- •How to speak southern
- •How americans (mis) communicate
- •Understatement is a Women’s Weapon
- •Understatement Is the Right of the Strong
- •The Danger of the Understatement
- •A Creaky Wheel and a Protruding Nail
- •Do americans need to know russian
- •Целлюлит на всю голову
- •Чебурашки по бартеру
- •Язык все растворит!
- •1. Совсем не обязательно быть красноречивым.
- •2. Важно отношение.
- •3. Помни о соблюдении очередности.
- •4. Расширяйте свой кругозор.
- •5. Нужна легкость.
- •6. Будьте естественны.
- •Project work Choose among given topics for discussion the one you are interested in most of all. Carry out your project and make its presentation (pair, group or individual work).
- •U nit IV. Threats. Terrorism
- •The quiet american Graham Greene (1904-1991) Part III, Chapter 2
- •Interpretation of the text
- •Key Notions and Words Complete the list of the vocabulary using dictionaries and reference books, transcribe the words and practice their pronunciation.
- •Vocabulary Exercises
- •VI. Complete the text using the words below.
- •VII. Translate from English into Russian with particular attention to the marked words.
- •VIII. Translate from Russian into English with particular care for the marked words and meaning of modal verbs.
- •VIII. Study the text carefully, complete the tasks that follow it and retell. What are the causes and origins of terrorism?
- •A) Match the two halves:
- •B) Discuss the following questions:
- •IX. Read the text, discuss the style of writing it belongs to and consider its features. Fulfill the exercises after it. Essay on terrorism
- •A) Find the words in the text that mean:
- •B) Discuss the following points:
- •A) Find a proper Russian equivalent:
- •B) Fill in the gaps with a suitable word:
- •A) Make up derivatives from the words below.
- •B) Translate the sentences and explain how the meanings of the italicized words vary in different contexts .
- •Discussion exercises terrorism as a key notion
- •I. Carefully study the scheme and explain it.
- •Warfare
- •Anarchists
- •II. Read the text and complete the tasks that follow it. Terrorism: q & a
- •Is terrorism just brutal, unthinking violence?
- •Is there a definition of terrorism?
- •Where does the word “terrorism” come from?
- •Is terrorism a new phenomenon?
- •IV. Give a title to the text and respond to the following: what do you associate the term “terrorism” with and how are the acts of terrorism different from other acts of violence?
- •I. Study a brief chronology of the significant terrorist incidents /1970 - 2000/ and answer the questions after it.
- •Answer the questions:
- •Terrorism in the usa
- •I. Sequence the news story in a logical way and retell the key events in five sentences. Write your own headline. News story activity
- •Towering determination
- •In times of terror, teens talk the talk
- •Terrorism in russia
- •I. Define the genre of the text. What are the peculiarities of this genre? As a representative of Mass Media would you exaggerate the situation? What linguistic means would help you do it?
- •Трагедия беслана
- •В школах евросоюза почтят память жертв беслана
- •Reactions expressed in verse
- •Unit V. Threats. World disasters
- •Look at the progress we`ve already made Diane Goyle
- •Interpretation of the Text
- •Key Notions and Words Complete the list of the vocabulary using dictionaries and reference books, transcribe the words and practice their pronunciation.
- •Vocabulary Exercises
- •VI. Write the vocabulary word on the line below the situation it best fits. Use each word once: anticipate / avid / cooperate / endanger / depletion / awareness.
- •VII. Match words with their definitions.
- •VIII. Translate from English into Russian with particular attention to the marked words.
- •IX. Translate from Russian into English with particular care for the marked words and the use of the passive voice.
- •Discussion exercises ecocatastrophe
- •I. Read the article and complete the tasks that follow it.
- •Answer the questions:
- •В россии обостряется паводковая ситуация
- •Угроза природной катастрофы в ульяновске
- •Technocatastrophe
- •I. Read the text and translate it into English attaching a special significance to the details. Крупная автокатастрофа в колумбии
- •Unit VI. Art the moon and sixpence William Somerset Maugham
- •Interpretation of the Text
- •Key Notions and Words Complete the list of the vocabulary using dictionaries and reference books, transcribe the words and practice their pronunciation.
- •Vocabulary Exercises
- •I. Translate the following sentences with active vocabulary from English into Russian. Make up your own sentences.
- •“Picnic”
- •Commentary
- •V. Put the sentences in correct order to make the description of a famous picture by Paul Cezanne (1883-1885) still life with soup tureen
- •Discussion Exercises
- •Вечная тайна джоконды
- •Questions:
- •The Science of Colour
- •The Impressionist Palette
- •The Impressionist Technique
- •Questions:
- •Questions:
- •XIII. Read the text and translate it into English. What is your personal understanding of this famous picture? квадрат
- •XIV. Here are some more Russian texts about painters and paintings. Translate them into English and share your opinion.
- •XV. What problems are raised in the article? What is your personal attitude towards them? the question of good vs. Bad art
- •XVI. What is truth in painting? Do you agree that there are still more Cezannes to come? truth in painting
- •Blowin’ in the wind
- •The sounds of silence
- •Библиографический список
Содержание
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ 4
Unit I. Professions. THE Work Itself 6
APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Stuart Oskamp 6
Unit II. Professions Teachers and teaching 55
Laughter William Saroyan 55
Unit III. Language and Culture 107
HOW TO BE AN ALIEN G. Mikes (1912-1987) 107
Unit IV. THREATS. TERRORISM 156
THE QUIET AMERICAN Graham Greene (1904-1991) 156
Unit V. THREATS. WORLD DISASTERS 208
LOOK AT THE PROGRESS WE`VE ALREADY MADE 208
Diane Goyle 208
Unit VI. ART 220
THE MOON AND SIXPENCE William Somerset Maugham 220
(1874-1965) 220
Библиографический список 271
Предисловие
Данное учебное пособие представляет собой третью часть Учебного комплекса под названием «Мир, в котором мы живем» и предназначено для студентов-выпускников институтов иностранных языков, факультетов романо-германской филологии, студентов старших курсов неязыковых факультетов университетов и педагогических университетов. Как и в первой части, все разделы объединены единой тематикой, представленной пятью уроками, расположенными в следующей последовательности:
Professions – Work Itself.
Professions – Teachers and Teaching.
Language and Culture.
Threats – Terrorism.
Threats – World disasters.
Art.
Композиционную основу каждого урока составляют тексты разной типологии, соответствующие по содержанию и проблематике теме урока, удовлетворяющие требованиям их информативности, новизны, современности и соответствующей функционально-стилевой принадлежности. Следуя принципу преемственности, связывающему все части учебного комплекса, авторы, тем не менее, строго учитывают требования образовательного стандарта в отношении целей и задач обучения английскому языку на данном этапе. В связи с этим особое внимание уделяется анализу текста (концептуально-содержательный – лингво-стилистический), свободному переводу с русского языка на английский и переводу с английского языка на русский; работе над проектами: выявление и формулирование проблемы; создание информационно-дидактического обеспечения; защита проектов; оценка проектов; дискуссия.
Учитывая новые подходы к процессу обучения инностранному языку, и прежде всего, личностно-деятельностный и компетентностный, сущностью которых является самообучение, саморазвитие, самосовершенствование, самореализация, авторы уделили особое внимание упражнениям, заданиям, задачам, направленным на активную самостоятельную работу обучаемых, способствующую выработке собственного мышления, мнения, собственной точки зрения и собственной позиции.
Несмотря на четкую структуру пособия, определенную последовательность уроков, преподаватель имеет возможность творческой самостоятельности в переконструировании содержания, изменении его объема с учетом конкретных условий обучения.
Unit I. Professions. The Work Itself
Labour we take delight in physics pain
Applied social psychology Stuart Oskamp
A Social Psychologist Looks at Job Satisfaction
Research has shown many work attributes to be related to job satisfaction. Locke (1976) concluded that most of them have in common the element of mental challenge.
Probably the most basic attitude here is that the work must be personally interesting and meaningful to the individual in question (Herzberg, Mausner, & Snyderman, 1959; Nord, 1977). Obviously, this specification makes work satisfaction subject to a wide range of individual differences, for individuals with one set of values, abilities, and backgrounds may find a particular kind of work personally interesting, while people with different values, abilities, and backgrounds may find the same work completely unmeaningful. A more objective aspect of meaningfulness is task significance – the impact of the work on the lives of other people (Hackman, Oldham, Janson & Purdy, 1975). For example, a worker riveting aircraft wings has a more significant job than one riveting trash containers, and is likely to feel more satisfaction with it.
Application of skill is another job attribute that contributes to work satisfaction (Gruneberg, 1979). On assembly lines and other jobs that involve much repetitive work, the amount of variety in the job has frequently been found to be positively related to job satisfaction (Walker & Guest, 1952; Hackman & Lawler, 1971; Kremen, 1973). "Utility workers" and others who rotate from job to job usually show higher satisfaction than workers who perform only one operation all day long, and this finding has been the basis of many "job enrichment" schemes. Again, individual differences are important, for not all workers value more varied or challenging jobs (Hulin, 1971).
Another job aspect related to skill is job autonomy – the worker having a say in when and how to perform the job. A somewhat similar work attribute is task identity-doing a "whole" job, or at least a portion where one's personal contribution is clear and visible. Both of these factors have been found to be positively related to job satisfaction (Hackman & Lawler, 1971).
Too little challenge in the work, as in completely automated tasks, generally leads to boredom and lowered satisfaction. However, so much challenge that the worker cannot cope with it may lead to failure and frustration, also an unsatisfying state of affairs. Thus success or achievement in reaching an accepted standard of competence on the job is an important factor in satisfaction (Locke, 1965; Ivancevich, 1976), though again individual differences make this a less important factor for individuals with a low need of achievement (Steers, 1975). Although success can generally be judged by workers themselves, external recognition confirms the worker's success and also provides feedback about the level of achievement. Of course, recognition, in the form of awards, promotion, or praise, is also part of the general working conditions and of the interpersonal aspects of the job, and so it has multiple implications for satisfaction.
A final task attribute that contributes to satisfaction is the relative absence of physical strain (Chadwick-Jones, 1960). This is one major advantage of automation in heavy industrial jobs; for some jobs and some individual workers it can offset automation's disadvantage of promoting boredom.