8. Put the verb into the correct tense form (Past Simple or Present Perfect).

1. I ……… (never/to have) any trouble with getting the car started.

2. Due to the establishment of new city train routes the passenger service ……… (to be improved).

3. The company CAV ……… (never/to manufacture) 5 million engines a year.

4. In spite of all my protests, Bill ……… (to go) home ten minutes ago.

5. My sister ……… (to lose) the ignition key. She can’t find it.

6. The temperature ……… (to be maintained) at the point of 20 degrees since the beginning of the experiment.

7. The new apparatus ……… (just/to be installed) in the laboratory. The delegation ……… (to arrive) to check it in two weeks.

8. While using this type of equipment, they ……… (not/to receive) any good results this month.

9. Ann ……… (not/to want) to explore that lonely island as the trip ……… (to be) too dangerous.

10. She ……… (to be) to London four times. We ……… (to go) there by plain.

Text 4 IS DRIVING ON THE RIGHT RIGHT OR WRONG?

1. How would you answer the question above?

2. Do you know where in the world people drive on the right and where on the left?

3. Do you know why? the romans drove on the left

Why does half the world drive on the left, and the other half on the right? At last, the answer to this burning question is within reach. "We do not know which side of the road the Romans drove on. There just isn't enough evidence either way," said Catherine Jones, expert on Roman archaeology at the British Museum. But Bryn Walters of the Association for Roman Archaeology says he does know, and his argument is very persuasive. They drove on the left.

Now work in pairs. Student A – read the text below. Student B – read your text. Write questions to the missing parts. Ask your questions to fill the gaps.

Student A

Though the straight roads built by the Roman empire still define the routes of many modern roads in _______________(Where?)___, they have been rebuilt so many times over the past 2000 years that little original material remains. And since Latin literature did not go in for stories about the lives of cart-drivers, which side they drove on was unknown – until this year, when Walters found the track into the old Roman quarry at Blundson Ridge.

The track was only used for _______________(What...for?)___ to a major Roman temple being built on the nearby ridge (near Swindon in England), and then fell out of use, so it is very well preserved. And since the carts went in empty and came out laden with stone, the ruts on one side of the road are much deeper than they are on the other. The conclusion: _______________(What?)___.

Why they chose to drive on the left remains a mystery. Perhaps it dated back to earlier times when travellers on horseback preferred to keep to the left when encountering strangers, so that _______________(Why?)___. (Most people everywhere are right-handed). But at least as far back as Roman times, it seems clear, wheeled traffic in most of Europe and the Mediterranean world kept to the left.

So why does all of Europe (except the British Isles), all of the Western hemisphere (except some former British possessions in the Caribbean), and all of the Middle East drive on the right? That seems to be Napoleon’s fault.

Student B

Though the straight roads built by the Roman Empire still define the routes of many modern roads in Europe and in the Middle East, they have been rebuilt so many times over the past 2000 years that little original material remains. And since Latin literature did not go in for stories about the lives of cart-drivers, which side they drove on was unknown – until this year, when Walters found __________(What?)_ at Blundson Ridge.

The track was only used for bringing stone from the quarry to a major Roman temple being built on the nearby ridge (near Swindon in England), and then fell out of use, so it is very well preserved. And since __________(Why?)___, the ruts on one side of the road are much deeper than they are on the other. The conclusion: Romans drove on the left.

Why they chose to drive on the left remains a mystery. Perhaps it dated back to earlier times when travellers on horseback preferred to keep to the left when encountering strangers, so that their sword-hand was free in case of a problem. (Most people everywhere are right-handed). But at least as far back as Roman times, it seems clear, wheeled traffic in most of Europe and the Mediterranean world kept to __________(Where?)__.

So why does all of Europe (except the British Isles), all of the Western hemisphere (except __________What?)__), and all of the Middle East drive on the right? That seems to be Napoleon’s fault.

WHY DID NAPOLEON GO IMPOSE DRIVING ON THE RIGHT?

In the long Dark Age after the fail of the Roman Empire, and even in the Middle Ages, there would not have been much need for the drive-left rule, since what little wheeled traffic there was travelled mostly on narrow tracks. But when you met somebody else on those narrow tracks both parties had to veer either left or right and in that sense the Roman rule seems to have survived: mostly, people swung out to the left.

In early modem Europe, with the volume of road traffic rising steadily, the old Roman custom of driving on the left was the likelier candidate to become the new legal standard - as it did in Britain, in Sweden, and in various other places that Napoleon never reached. But wherever the French emperor's armies invaded, they imposed a new rule: driving on the right. Why? Napoleon never said, and subsequent historians have mumbled half-explanations about his need to impose discipline on European road traffic so that his armies could get through. But why did he go against the existing custom, frequently ignored though it undoubtedly was, and impose driving on the right? Probably precisely because driving on the left was the custom.

Napoleon was a product of the French Revolution (however far he was from the ideals of the original revolutionaries), and the whole ethos of the revolution was about the breaking of the old rules and the creation of a new, rational world. The year 1789 became Year One of the new era, and even the months were renamed.

Driving right is no more rational than driving left, but it is more "revolutionary". That would have appealed to Napoleon - and since his armies went everywhere from Russia to Spain, almost all of mainland Europe ended up driving on the right. (The Swedes finally gave up and switched a couple of decades ago.)

4. Match the adjectives listed below with the nouns in expressions 1 – 10, which appeared in the text. Choose five expressions and use them in your own sentences.

rational, old, Middle, Roman, existing, narrow, modern, legal, Dark, wheeled.

………………… Age	………………… Ages
………………… tracks	………………… standard
………………… custom	………………… world
………………… empire	…………………. traffic
………………… Europe	………………… rules