- •Answer the following questions:
- •Find ten words in the word square and match them with their definitions.
- •Use the words from Exercise 3 to complete the sentences below. You may need to change the form of some words.
- •Find the words in the text that have opposite meaning to the following:
- •Match the words that have a similar meaning:
- •Complete the sentences below with the words from the exercises above.
- •Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in capitals.
- •Complete each sentence with a word from the list, which presents different traffic participants.
- •Put adjectives into the correct form (Degrees of Comparison).
- •Read the dictionary entry for the word 'efficiency'.
- •Combine words from two columns to make proper collocations. Use them in sentences of your own.
- •Explain these adjectives according to the example given:
- •Find the words hidden in the jumbles.
- •Fill the missing words in. The first one has been done for you.
- •Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in capitals.
- •Put each of the following words in correct place.
- •Explain the difference between:
- •Put the verb into the correct tense form (Simple Tenses). Translate the sentences.
- •Match the pairs so that they make true statements.
- •Choose the best answer.
- •Find the words hidden in the jumbles.
- •Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in capitals.
- •Substitute the words in italics with their synonyms from the list below.
- •Fill the correct prepositions in.
- •Germany’s ‘site of the century’
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Find the words hidden in the jumbles.
- •Match the two parts to make collocations.
- •Put the collocations from Exercise 6 into the following sentences.
- •Put the verb into the correct tense form (Simple or Continuous). Translate the sentences.
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Correct the mistakes (each of the sentences contains one mistake).
- •Find one word in the text which has the same meaning as:
- •Complete the sentences below with words from the box. There are some additional information explanations in brackets.
- •Complete the text. (Degrees of Comparison) Translate it into Ukrainian.
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Match the words from the text with the definitions below.
- •Complete the statements below with phrases from the text.
- •Interpret the following phrases:
- •Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of the words in capitals.
- •Put the verb into the correct tense form in Passive.
- •Put different types of questions to the sentences from Exercise 10.
Put the verb into the correct tense form (Simple Tenses). Translate the sentences.
Unfortunately, we … (to have) trouble with the central heating system of the university building next month.
Designing often … (to require) to consider the aesthetic and functional aspects. It … (to demand) research, thought, modeling and re-design.
There … (to be) a great demand for cars in many countries, so I hope that we … (easily/to find) interesting, well-paid job.
Some parts of the structure … (to crack) after the hot dry summer and rainy autumn. We … (to repair) it in the nearest future.
Serious study of design … (to demand) focus on the design process, which … (to depend) on the object and the individuals participating in it.
As far as I know, the lorry … (to arrive) on the 10th of May. It … (to be) necessary to unload it immediately.
My father usually … (to walk) a few blocks to his office, but my brothers … (to prefer) driving.
In addition to the trouble with the engine there … (to appear) some other problems with the transmission and lubricating systems.
Owing to the new system of regulations the number of accidents … (to go) down and the driving … (to become) safer.
Stop dreaming about this car! It … (to be) extremely expensive. You … (not to have) enough money to buy it.
Is the public transport network modern and efficient in your city? Are the fares reasonable? Is the travel safe enough? What can be done to make our public transport system better?
ROAD PRICING
What are bus lanes? Do you think buses should be given priority on roads inside cities?
Which means of transport do you choose to move inside the city? What decides about your choices? (price? speed? time? weather? reliability? comfort? distance?)
Point out three areas or places close to your university where traffic jams occur. Is the traffic density the same at different times?
Are there any bus lanes in those places? Do they help buses move faster?
Who is permitted to use bus lanes?
Read the headline of the article below. Does it suggest:
an idea of valuing roads (deciding how much they are worth)?
that users should pay? (who? how much? for what?)
Many bus lanes have been installed in the wrong locations where roads are wide enough to accommodate them without causing traffic congestion. That is precisely where they are not needed. Bus priority is needed only where and when there is traffic congestion.
The most likely reason for installing so many of them in wrong places is that it is politically much easier: there will be no objections from motorists and at the same time it will be claimed that something is being done for the buses.
Other highway authorities have put bus lanes where they are useful, many of them at junctions or on busy radial roads operating at peak hours only. Bus priority in such location is usually limited in extent. The problem with bus lanes is that they are useful only where there is traffic congestion and if bus lanes are installed in such circumstances they will make the congestion worse. Except under the unlikely condition that motorists transfer to buses to such an extent that there is a reduction in demand for road space which is greater than the reduction caused by the bus lanes.
Therefore, it will be quite common for the passenger-carrying capacity of the road to be reduced where bus lanes have been installed. The only circumstances where it will not be reduced are where buses are carrying more passengers than would cars on the roads pace allocated to the bus lanes. For this to occur, bus services would have to be frequent and should move at typical speeds in congested road conditions. It is possible in large cities, where radial roads near the centre have bus service carrying at least as many passengers as would cars on the same roads pace.
These problems are the result of bus lanes being used exclusively by buses or nearly so. Use by emergency vehicles will make no significant difference to capacity. Use by cyclists and motorcyclists might cause more disruption to the buses than can be justified by the small number of the users.
The solution to these problems is to allow other traffic to use the bus lanes in amounts insufficient to impede the buses. Highway authorities are soon to be given powers to introduce road pricing. This would have several benefits:
for motorists, pricing of bus lanes would give them the opportunity to buy priority if they wish (but would not compel them to)
for bus users, it would help to make it politically feasible to put bus lanes where they are needed
for the public at large, it would raise some revenue providing finance for extending the bus priority network which should help change the attitude towards public transport with environmental consequences
for visitors who do not have the appropriate pass to use the priced roads.
Bus lanes combined with road pricing are solutions to excessive traffic. Implementing road pricing offers an opportunity to reduce the problems which have been associated with bus priority.