Вариант №3.

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы письменно.

Civil Engineering

The term "engineering" is a modern one. Nowadays the term "engineering" means the art of designing, constructing, or using engines. It is applied also to the art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture, in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used.

Engineering is divided into many branches. The most important of them are: civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine, and sanitary engineering. While the definition "civil engineering" dates back only two centuries, the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. In order to understand clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, we must consider briefly the development of different branches of engineering.

Using of the word "civil engineering" was necessary to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a military engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18th century there were two main branches of engineering — civil and military. With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and later there came a remarkable series of mechanical inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy. It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering, etc.

With the invention of the steam engine and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became interested in the practical application of the science of mechanics and thermodynamics to the design of machines. Working with machines they decided to separate themselves from civil engineering, and were called "mechanical engineers". With the development of the science of electricity, there appeared another branch of the engineering — electrical engineering. It can be divided now into two main branches: communications engineering and power engineering. In the middle of the 20^th century there appeared some other new branches of engineering — nuclear engineering and space engineering. The former is based on atomic physics, the latter — on the achievements of modern science and engineering. At present there are hundreds of subdivisions of engineering, but they all, at one time or another, branched off from civil engineering.

As seen from its history the term "civil engineering" has two distinct meanings. In the widest and oldest sense it includes all non-military branches of engineering as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and mining engineering.

Key vocabulary / expressions

Appliance —n приспособление, прибор

apply to —v обращаться (for —за помощью, справкой и т.д.— к кому-л)

branch— ветвь; филиал; отрасль

concern (with)—v касаться, относиться; интересовать

deal (with) —v иметь дело с чём-л., кем-л.

divide (into) — v делить, разделять

distinguish (from)—v отличать

execute — v выполнять

lead (to)—v вести (к)

protect oneself against — защищаться от чего-л.

sustain —v поддерживать; выдерживать

Questions

1. What does the word "engineering" mean?

2. Is engineering a science?

3. Into what branches is Civil engineering divided?

4. How old is the profession of a civil engineer?

5. What distinct meanings has the term "civil engineering"?

6. What fields of Civil engineering do you know?

7. What are the most important branches of Civil engineering?

8. When was electrical engineering developed?

9. What are the main subdivisions of the electrical engineering?

II. Переведите письменно первые 2 абзаца текста.

III.Выпишите из текста 10 глаголов и запишите их основные формы.

IV. Найдите в тексте и переведите на русский язык 1-2 предложения, в которых употреблены модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты.

V.Найдите в тексте и переведите на русский язык 1-2 предложения, в которых употреблен инфинитив.

VI. Найдите в тексте и переведите на русский язык 1-2 предложения, в которых употреблены причастия настоящего и прошедшего времени.

VII. Переведите следующие предложения, определите в каком времени употреблено сказуемое, образуйте вопросительную и отрицательную формы.

1. By 5 o’clock I had completed my work.

2. You will have recovered when I return from Europe.

3. I have visited many countries.

4. A car was waiting by the road. It had been waiting for half an hour.

5. It has been raining since morning.

VIII. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами.

1. You … stay at my friend’s if you go there.

2. I … go home to prepare for my test.

3. … I smoke here?

4. The students … attend their classes.

5. There were no buses yesterday evening. We … walk home.

6. She got the job because she … speak five languages.

IX. Расположите по порядку: a) предложения в которых ing- форма является причастием; b) предложения, в которых ing- форма является герундием.

1. Everybody ran to meet the people returning from the city.

2. Never jump off a moving train.

3. You can learn what the new words mean by looking them up on the dictionary.

4. The remaining cakes were given to the children.

5. Returning home after a good holiday is always pleasant.

6. In this factory much attention is paid to protecting the health of the workers.

X. Вставьте частицу “to”перед инфинитивом, где необходимо. Переведите предложения.

1. I would rather … stay at home today.

2. Would you like … go to England?

3. I wanted … speak to Nick, but could not … find his telephone number.

4. It is time … get up.

5. What makes you … think you are right?

6. I like … dance.

7. I saw him … enter the room.