Контрольная работа № 2. Вариант № 1.
Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы письменно.
Civil Engineering
The term "engineering" is a modern one. Nowadays the term "engineering" means the art of designing, constructing, or using engines. It is applied also to the art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture, in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used.
Engineering is divided into many branches. The most important of them are: civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine, and sanitary engineering. While the definition "civil engineering" dates back only two centuries, the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. In order to understand clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, we must consider briefly the development of different branches of engineering.
Using of the word "civil engineering" was necessary to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a military engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18th century there were two main branches of engineering — civil and military. With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and later there came a remarkable series of mechanical inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy. It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering, etc.
With the invention of the steam engine and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became interested in the practical application of the science of mechanics and thermodynamics to the design of machines. Working with machines they decided to separate themselves from civil engineering, and were called "mechanical engineers".
With the development of the science of electricity, there appeared another branch of the engineering — electrical engineering. It can be divided now into two main branches: communications engineering and power engineering. In the middle of the 20th century there appeared some other new branches of engineering — nuclear engineering and space engineering. The former is based on atomic physics, the latter — on the achievements of modern science and engineering. At present there are hundreds of subdivisions of engineering, but they all, at one time or another, branched off from civil engineering.
As seen from its history the term "civil engineering" has two distinct meanings. In the widest and oldest sense it includes all non-military branches of engineering as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and mining engineering.
Key vocabulary / expressions
Appliance —n приспособление, прибор
apply to —v обращаться (for —за помощью, справкой и т.д.— к кому-л)
branch— ветвь; филиал; отрасль
concern (with)—v касаться, относиться; интересовать
deal (with) —v иметь дело с чём-л., кем-л.
divide (into) — v делить, разделять
distinguish (from)—v отличать
execute — v выполнять
lead (to)—v вести (к)
protect oneself against — защищаться от чего-л.
sustain —v поддерживать; выдерживать
Questions
What does the word "engineering" mean?
Is engineering a science?
Into what branches is Civil engineering divided?
How old is the profession of a civil engineer?
What distinct meanings has the term "civil engineering"?
What fields of Civil engineering do you know?
What are the most important branches of Civil engineering?
When was electrical engineering developed?
What are the main subdivisions of the electrical engineering?
II. Переведите письменно третий и четвертый абзацы текста.
III.Выпишите из текста 10 глаголов и запишите их основные формы.
IV. Найдите в тексте и переведите на русский язык 1-2 предложения, в которых употреблены модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты.
V.Найдите в тексте и переведите на русский язык 1-2 предложения, в которых употреблен инфинитив.
VI. Найдите в тексте и переведите на русский язык 1-2 предложения, в которых употреблены причастия настоящего и прошедшего времени.
VII.Переведите следующие предложения, определите в каком времени употреблено сказуемое, образуйте вопросительную и отрицательную формы.
1.By the first of May I shall have been reading the book for a fortnight.
2.I have been living in the house since my birth.
3.He has never heard such music.
4.She told us that they had returned.
5.They will have built this school by September.
VIII.Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами.
1.… I take your dictionary?
2.You … speak loudly in the reading-room.
3.My son … not play chess two years ago, but now he ….
4.My friend … get this job.
5.My eyes are not very good. I … wear glasses.
6.Have you seen my bag? I … not see it.
IX.Расположите по порядку: a) предложения в которых ing- форма является причастием; b) предложения, в которых ing- форма является герундием.
1.In this picture you can see a young man giving flowers to a girl.
2.John likes studying history.
3.Kunning water is always better than standing water.
4.Mary could retell the story without looking into the book.
5.Reading books out-of-doors is his favourite way of spending the summer holidays.
6.Before going to meet his friend he went home to change his clothes.
X.Вставьте частицу “to”перед инфинитивом, где необходимо. Переведите предложения.
1.I like … play the guitar.
2.My brother can … speak English.
3.They wanted … cross the river.
4.It is high time for you … go to bed.
5.They heard the girl … cry out with joy.
6.Let me … help you with your homework.
7.May I … use your telephone?
8.He did not want … play in the yard any more.