Тема 18. Виды наказаний

Цель: расширение лексических навыков по теме.

Задачи:

- развивать речь студентов,

- учить строить высказывания на заданную тему,

- совершенствовать репродуктивные грамматические навыки.

Студент должен знать:

- терминологию лексической темы «Виды наказаний»,

- словообразовательные модели существительных и прилагательных.

Студент должен уметь:

- понимать содержание представленных текстов,

- переводить и реферировать профессионально-ориентированные тексты,

- аргументировано представлять свое высказывание по текстам лексической темы.

Тема 18.1. Цель государственного наказания.

Грамматическая тема: Словообразовательные модели существительных.

Study the words and the word-combinations

definition – определение

a matter of difficulty – вопрос вызывающий затруднение

is punishable by the State – наказуемый государством

a violation of the public rights – нарушение общественных прав

breaches of law – нарушение закона

occur – случаться, встречаться

involves guilty conduct and guilty intention – включает преступное поведение , преступное намерение

particularly grave offences – особенно тяжкие преступления

deprivation of liberty – лишение свободы

death sentence – смертный приговор

majority - большинство

corrective labour – исправительные работы

I. Scan through the text

Crime and Punishment

The definition of a “crime” has always been a matter of difficulty and no really satisfactory definition of a “crime” has yet been evolved. You may say that “crime” is a violation of the public rights and duties, which is punishable by the State. But a distinction must be drawn between breaches of law which are crimes and those which are merely illegal without being criminal.

Besides, there are some acts, which are crimes in our country but not in another. For example, it is a crime to drink alcohol in Saudi Arabia, but not in Egypt. It is a crime to smoke marijuana in England, but not in the Netherlands. However, there are quite a lot of agreements among states as to which acts are criminal.

No one knows why crime occurs. Since the 18^th century various scientific theories have been advanced to explain crime. But since the mid20^th century, the notion that crime can be explained by any single theory has fallen into disfavour among investigators. They explain it by so-called multiple factor, which includes biological, psychological, cultural, economic and political reasons.

As a general rule “crime” involves guilty conduct (actus Reus) and guilty intention (mens Rea).

Treason, sabotage, banditry, desertion in a time of war, armed robbery, premeditated murder, rape under aggravating circumstances and certain other singularly dangerous social crimes are qualified as particularly grave offences. In such an event deprivation of liberty of up to 15 years may be applied or the death sentence which is regarded as an exceptional measure. (The death penalty was abolished in Britain in 1969).

The purpose of punishments is to reform the offender and to rehabilitate him, on the other hand when punish, we warm other people of what will happen if they break the law.

Criminal sentences ordinarily embrace four basic modes of punishment. In descending order of severity these are: incarceration, community supervision, fine, and restitution. The death penalty is now possible only for certain types of atrocious murders and treason. It is never applied in respect to persons under 18. The majority of criminal sanctions are confined to short terms of deprivation of liberty and penalties not involving deprivation of liberty: corrective labour and public censure.

Criminal and civil procedures are different. Criminal actions are nearly always started by the state. Civil actions are started by individuals. The party bringing a criminal action is called the prosecution, but the party bringing a civil action is called the plaintiff. In both kinds of action the other party is known as the defendant.

ΙΙ. Answer the questions:

1) What is сrime? 2) Is it a crime to drink alcohol in Egypt? What about Saudi Arabia? 3) Since when have various scientific theories been advanced to explain crime? 4) What reasons does so-called multiple factor include? 5) What does “crime” involve? 6) What social crimes are qualified as particularly grave offences? 7) What is the purpose of punishment? 8) How many modes of punishment do criminal sentences ordinary embrace? Name them. 9) Are Criminal and civil procedures different? Prove it.

ΙΙΙ. Complete the sentences:

1)You may say that “crime” is a violation of … 2) Since the 18^th century various scientific theories … 3) Investigators explain crime by … 4)Treason, sabotage, banditry, desertion at a time of war are qualified as … 5) The death penalty was abolished in … 6) The death penalty is now possible only … 7)) The majority of criminal sanctions are confined to … 8) Civil actions are started by … 9) The party bringing a criminal action is called … 10) The party bringing a civil action is called …

IV. Restore the word order in the following statements.

1) has always been, a matter of difficulty, a “crime”, the definition of. 2) to smoke, it, is, a crime, in England, marijuana. 3) “Crime”, guilty conduct, guilty intention, involves. 4) desertion at a time of war particularly, are qualified, as, grave offences, premiditated, murder, and, armed robbery. 5) the offender, the purpose of punishment, the reform, is. 6) the death penalty, in respect, never, is applied, under 18, to persons.7) started, criminal actions, the state, nearly, always, are, by the state.