Условные предложения III типа

Условные предложения III типа выражают предположения, относящиеся к прошлому времени и являются поэтому невыполнимыми, нереальными. В придаточном предложении употребляется форма Past Perfect, а в главном предложении — сочетание should \ would или could, might с Perfect Infinitive без to.

If he had been here I would have seen him. — Если бы он был здесь, я бы с ним увиделся.

If we had taken our copy-books with us, we should have written down the words. — Если бы мы взяли с собой наши тетради, то записали бы слова.

If she had seen you, she might have helped you. — Если бы она увидела вас, она могла бы помочь вам.

В условных предложениях III типа союз if может опускаться, а вспомогательный глагол had ставится перед подлежащим. Образуется так называемая инверсия (обратный порядок слов).

Had you helped him he would have completed the work in time. — Если бы вы помогли ему, он бы закончил работу вовремя.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме. Обратите внимание на употребление условных предложений III типа.

1) If Greg ( study), he ( pass) the exam last week. 2) If we (find) him earlier, we would have saved his life. 3) The presentation might have been better if she ( feel) more confident. 4) If our side (be) better prepared, we (succeed) in yesterday’s talks. 5) If the Managing Director (not go) on a business trip, he (sign) the contract, I’m sure. But now you’ll have to wait for him to return. 6) I think your letter hasn’t arrived yet. If it (come), I’m sure I (notice) it. 7) If Graham (not lose) his watch he (not miss) the plane.

Тема 16.3. Виды судов в Великобритании.

Грамматическая тема: Условные предложения смешанного типа.

Study the words and the word-combinations.

Crown Court – Суд короны

county Court - суд графства

European court of Justice – Европейский суд

court of appeals – апелляционный суд

justice of the Peace – мировой судья

tribunal – суд, трибунал

coroner’s court – суд коронера

juvenile court – суд по делам несовершеннолетних

violent – насильственный

penalty – наказание

fine - штраф

I. Read the text.

English System of Law

There are three separate systems of law in the United Kingdom: the legal systems and law courts of: 1) England and Wales, 2) Scotland, 3) Northern Ireland.

There are some common features to all systems: the sources of law and the distinction between civil law and criminal law. Courts may be classified as criminal courts and civil courts.

The sources of law include: written law (statutes) and unwritten law (based on judicial precedent). We also call the common law as “case law” or “judge made” law. It means that when one judge has decided a point of law, any judge who has the similar set of facts must decide case in the same way as in the earlier judgement. In other words, the judge uses the process of analogy.

English system of law includes:

1. Magistrates’ courts (about 700). Magistrates’ Courts try the majority of all the less Serious criminal cases and some civil cases. Magistrates’ courts are presided over by lay magistrates (called justices of the peace). The courts consist of between 2 to 7 magistrates. It is the lower court or court of first instance.

2.Crown Court – consists of judges, 2 magistrates and jury. It deals with all serious criminal cases. (Indictable offences). It also hears appeals from magistrates’ courts. The accused has the right to trial by jury.

3. County Court – consists of judge and jury. It deals with civil cases, for example, divorce. (Minor claims up to 5000 pounds).

4. The High Court hears all those civil that cannot be decided by County Courts. (More expensive and complicated cases).

5. Court of Appeals – hears both criminal and civil appeals. The appeals system is a necessary safeguard against mistakes and injustice.

6. The House of Lords – is the final appellate tribunal.

There is the Central Criminal Court in London. Certain cases may be referred to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg or the European Court of Human Rights.

The legal system includes juvenile courts, which deal with offenders under 17 and coroners’ courts, which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural deaths. The age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales is ten. Britain has a serious problem with young offenders. The peak age for committing crime is 15.

The accused must normally appear first before a magistrates’ court. The large majority of all penalties in magistrates’ courts are fines. An accused person has the right to employ a legal advisor.

II. Find in the text the English equivalents for the words below:

1) общее право,

2) решение суда,

3) уголовный кодекс,

4) гражданский кодекс,

5) мировой судья,

6) Суд Короны,

7) гражданское дело,

8) суды графств,

9) Европейский суд по правам человека,

10) правовая система,

11) суд по делам несовершеннолетних,

12) правонарушитель,

13) насильственная смерть,

14) уголовное дело.

III. Work in pairs and discuss the following:

Which courts do you think would deal with:

1) a bank robbery?

2) a divorce case?

3) a burglary committed by a fifteen-year-old?

4) a drowning?

5) a drowning?

6) a case of driving too fast?

IV. Use the information given above to answer the questions:

1) What is the most common type of law court in England and Wales?

2) Name other types of British courts.