Тема 14.2. Социологические и психологические теории.

Грамматическая тема: Причастие (обобщение).

Study the words and the word-combinations.

sociology – социология

sociological – социологический

sociologist – социолог

differential – отличительный

association – связь

learn – научиться

expose – подвергать

adopt – перенимать

attain – достигнуть

acceptable – приемлемый

psychological – психологический

futility - тщетность

striving - старания; стремления

bond - связь, узы

resist – противостоять

inclination – склонность

attachment – привязанность

commitment – обязательство

orthodox – общепринятый

labelling - снабжение продукта этикеткой, маркировка

assume - предполагать

criminal justice - уголовное судопроизводство

acquire - приобретать

criminal identity - личность преступника

rejection – непринятие

delinquent – правонарушитель

socialize - подготавливать к жизни

estrange - отдалять

eventually- в конце концов

cast - бросать

anomalous - неправильный, аномальный, ненормальный

insanity - умопомешательство

1. Read the text.

Sociological theories

[Sociology is the scientific study of societies and the behaviour of people in groups.] Sociologists have proposed a variety of theories that explain criminal behaviour. One such theory, known as differential association, proposed that criminal behaviour is learned behaviour, that is, the more the individual is exposed to contact with persons whose own behaviour is unlawful, the more likely he is to learn and adopt their values as the basis for his own behaviour. The theory of anomie (normlessness) suggested that criminality is a result of the offender's inability to attain by socially acceptable means the goals that society expects of him. Anomy, in societies or individuals, is a condition of instability resulting from a breakdown of standards and values or from a lack of purpose or ideals. When a social system is in a state of anomie, common values and common meanings are no longer understood or accepted, and new values and meanings have not developed. Such a society produces, in many of its members, psychological states characterized by a sense of futility, lack of purpose, and emotional emptiness and despair. Striving is considered useless, because there is no accepted definition of what is desirable. Control theory emphasizes the links between the offender and his social group—the individual's bond to society. According to this theory, the ability of the individual to resist the inclination to commit crime—which may be an easy way to satisfy a particular desire—depends on the strength of his attachment to parents and his commitment to orthodox moral values that prohibit the conduct in question. Labeling theory, by contrast, portrays criminality as a product of the reaction of society to the individual, rather than of his own inclinations and personality. It assumes that the criminal is not substantially different from any other individual, except that he has become involved in the processes of the criminal justice system and has acquired a “criminal” identity. Through a process of rejection by law-abiding persons and acceptance by other delinquents, the offender becomes more and more socialized into criminal behaviour patterns and estranged from law-abiding behaviour. Eventually he comes to see himself cast by society into the role of a criminal.

II. Restore the word order in the questions and answer them:

1) Who a variety of theories that explain criminal behaviour proposed? 2) What theory that criminal proposed behaviour is learned behaviour? 3) What this theory does mean? 4) What theory that criminality is a result of the offender's inability to attain by socially acceptable means the goals that society expects of him suggested? 5) What a condition of instability might result from? 6) What when a social system is in a state of anomie happens? 7) What such a society produce in many of its members might? 8) Why is considered striving useless? 9) What theory the links between the offender and his social group emphasizes? 10) What this does theory run about? 11) What theory criminality as a product of the reaction of society to the portrays individual? 12) What this theory assume does? 13) Through what process the offender does become more socialized into criminal behaviour? 14) Who cast by society into the role of a is criminal?

III. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1) Biology is the scientific study of societies and the behaviour of people. 2) Amateurs have proposed a lot of theories that explain criminal behaviour. 3) Differential association theory proposes nothing new. 4) The more the individual is exposed to contact with persons whose own behaviour is unlawful, the less likely he is to learn and adopt their values as the basis for his own behaviour. 5) The theory of anomie speaks of the offender's inability to attain his goals. 6) Common values and common meanings are no longer understood or accepted by the offender. 7) A sense of failure, lack of balance, and emotional insanity characterize anomalous society. 8) Striving is considered useful, because it is clear what is desirable.

IV. Restore the word order in the following statements:

1) Control theory the links between the offender and his social group emphasizes. 2) The ability depends of the individual to resist the inclination to commit crime on the strength of his attachment to parents and his commitment to orthodox moral values. 3) To commit crime be an easy way to satisfy a particular desire may. 4) Labeling theory criminality as a product of the reaction of society to the individual portrays. 5) Law-abiding persons the offender reject. 6) Other delinquents the offender accept. 7) The offender socialized into criminal behaviour patterns becomes. 8) The offender estranged from law-abiding behaviour becomes. 9) The offender to see himself cast by society into the role of a criminal comes.

V. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English:

Неуравновешенность; эмоциональное расстройство; сознание неудачи; социология; социологический; социолог; отличительный; связь; подвергать; перенимать; достигнуть; психологический; тщетность; стремления; противостоять; склонность; привязанность; обязательство; общепринятый; предполагать; уголовное судопроизводство; приобретать; личность преступника; непринятие; правонарушитель; отдалять; аномальный; умопомешательство; подготавливать к жизни в; приемлемый.

VI. Complete the following statements:

1) Sociology is … 2) Sociologists have proposed … 3) Differential association theory proposes … 4) The more the individual is exposed to … 5) The theory of anomie suggests … 6) Anomy in societies is … 7) Anomy in individuals is … 8) When a social system is in a state of anomie … common values and common meanings are no longer understood or accepted. 9) Anomalous society produces … 10) Striving is considered … 11) Control theory emphasizes … 12) The ability of the individual to resist the inclination to commit crime depends on … 13) To commit crime may be … 14) Labeling theory portrays … 15) Labeling theory assumes … 16) Law-abiding persons reject … 17) Other delinquents accept … 18) The offender becomes socialized into … 19) The offender becomes estranged from … 20) The offender comes to see himself …

VII. Choose one topic to speak about a) differential association theory; b) anomie theory; c) control theory; d) labeling theory. Retell the text “Sociological theories”.

Psychological theories

Study the words and the word-combinations.

psychological – психологический

learn – научиться

peer – ровня

exposure – подвергание

media - средства массовой информации

causative- причинный

exaggerate – преувеличивать

psychopathy - психопатия

psychopath – психопат

I. .Read the text.

Behaviour theory views all behaviour—criminal and otherwise—as learned and thus manipulable by the use of punishment. Social learning theory examines the manner in which behaviour is learned from contacts within the family and other intimate groups (close personal friends, for example), from social contacts outside the family, particularly from peer groups. Peer group is a group of people, especially young people of the same age, social class etc as yourself. Peer pressure is a strong feeling that you must do the same things as other people of your age if you want them to like you. Teenagers, for example, often start smoking because of peer pressure. Social learning theory states that behaviour is learned from exposure to models of behaviour in the media, particularly television. Mental illness (affecting the mind or happening in the mind) is the cause of a relatively small proportion of crimes, but its importance as a causative factor may be exaggerated by the seriousness of some of the crimes committed by persons with mental disorders. Severe depression or psychopathy, sometimes described as sociopathy, may lead to grave offenses of violence. [Depression is a feeling of sadness that makes you think there is no hope for the future. Psychopath is someone who has a serious and permanent mental illness that makes them behave in a violent or criminal way. Sociopath is someone whose behaviour towards other people is considered unacceptable, strange, and possibly dangerous.] On a less serious level, depression may lead to theft or other uncharacteristic (not typical of someone or something and therefore surprising) behaviour.

II. . Restore the word order in the questions and answer them:

1) What theory all behaviour as learned views? 2) What social learning theory does examine? 3) What is by the term “peer group” meant? 4) What is by the term “peer pressure” meant? 5) What social learning theory state does? 6) What the cause of a relatively small proportion of crimes is? 7) Where psychopathy may lead? 8) What is by the term “depression” meant? 9) What is by the term “psychopath” meant? 10) What meant is by the term “sociopath”? 11) What may to theft or other uncharacteristic behaviour lead?

III. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1) Behaviourism is the belief that the scientific study of the mind should be based only on people's behaviour, not on what they say about their thoughts and feelings. 2) To manipulate means to make someone think and behave exactly as you want them to, by skilfully deceiving them or influencing them. 3) Peer group is a group of people, especially young people of blue blood. 4) Peer pressure is a strong feeling that you must not do the same things as other people of your age if you want them to like you. 5) Teenagers often start smoking because of pressure of work. 6) Depression is a feeling of joy that makes you think there is hope for the future. 7) Sociopath is someone who has a serious and permanent mental illness that makes them behave in a violent or criminal way. 8) Psychopath is someone whose behaviour towards other people is considered unacceptable, strange, and possibly dangerous.

IV. Restore the word order in the following statements:

1) Behaviour theory criminal behaviour as learned and thus manipulable by the use of punishment views. 2) Social learning theory that criminal behaviour might be states learned from contacts within the family and other intimate groups. 3) Social learning theory that criminal behaviour might be learned from peer groups states. 4) Social learning theory that behaviour is learned states from exposure to models of behaviour in the media. 5) Mental illness the cause of a relatively small proportion of crimes is. 6) Psychopathy lead to grave offenses of violence may. 7) Depression may to theft or other uncharacteristic behaviour lead.

V. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English:

Аристократического происхождения; интимный; нехарактерный; манипулировать; загруженность работой; преступное поведение; психическая болезнь; кража; депрессия; психологический; научиться; ровня; тяжкое преступление; причинный; психопатия; подвергание; средства массовой информации; психопат; применение наказания; контакты внутри семьи; модели поведения; насилие.

VI. Complete the following statements:

1) Behaviour theory views … 2) Social learning theory examines … 3) Mental illness is the cause of … 4) Psychopathy may lead … 5) Depression may lead … 6) Psychopath is … 7) Sociopath is …

VII. Choose one topic to speak about a) behaviour theory; b) social learning theory; c) mental disorders and criminality. Retell the text “Psychological theories”.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

1) The people … in the street gave very different opinions.

a. questioning c. being questioning

b. questioned d. having questioned

2) My sister … the key, we could not enter the house.

a. having lost c. losing

b. lost d. being lost

3) Not … what to do, I telephoned the police.

a. known c. having knowing

b. knowing d. having known

4) The state of economy is really … at the moment.

a. worrying c. being worried

b. worried d. being worrying

5) ... my entrance exams, I started working.

a. Failed c. Having filed

b. Failing d. Having been failed

6) All afternoon Molly lay in a hammock … a magazine.

a. read c. having reading

b. being read d. reading

7)The experiment must be carried out under … conditions.

a. control c. controlled

b. controlling d. being controlled

8) I saw them …… the tree down. It didn’t take long.

a. cut c. having cut

b. cutting d. being cut

9) … a note from her purse, she slammed it down on the counter.

a. Taken c. Having taking

b. Being taken d. Taking

10) … for an hour, the concert started at eight o’clock.

a. Having delayed c. Being delayed

b. Having been delayed d. Delaying

11) He hesitated, … what to do.

a. not knowing c. not having known

b. to not knowing d. not known

12) … at 3 o’clock, the financial report then was sent to the director.

a. Completed c. Having completed

b. Completing d. Having been completing

13) … hard all day she felt … .

a. Working, exhausting c. Being worked, exhausting

b. Worked, exhausted d. Having worked, exhausted

14) With Peter … in Glasgow, and Lucy … most of the week, the house seems pretty empty.

a. working, traveling c. being worked, being travelled

b. worked, travelled d. having worked, having travelled

15) … the news she was so … that she didn’t know what to do.

a. Learning, shocking c. Learnt, shocked

b. Having learnt, shocked d. Having been learnt, shocking

Exercise 2. В каждом предложении найдите и исправьте ошибку:

1) We saw a policeman to be chasing someone. 2) The debate turned out being very interesting. 3) They caught a student having cheating in the exam. 4) I don’t want to stay out here being biting by insects. 5) No action has been taken regarded your complaint. 6) The company wasted millions of pounds being invested in out-of-date technology. 7) I’d like to have these pages been photocopied. 8) They left the restaurant, having been spent two hours over lunch. 9) Although having covered by insurance, Martin was annoyed about the accident.

Exercise 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1) We must have the copy machine repaired. 2) Although feeling tired, Adrian didn’t want to go to bed. 3) The work being finished, everybody left. 4) He lived alone, forgotten by everybody. 5) The participants having nothing more to say, the meeting was closed. 6) I was annoyed by the way she spoke to me. 7) The sun having risen, they continued their way. 8) Rescuers are still working in the ruins of the collapsed hotel. 9) Having spent all his money, Daniel couldn’t afford a new jacket. 10) The USA is rich in mineral resources, the main being iron, coal and oil.

Тест

1. Do you feel like … a cup of tea?

a) to have b) having c) have d) be having

2. They would like the new material … once again.

a) to explain b) be explained c) explain d) to be explained

3. I remember … a woman outside when I left the house.

a) seeing b) to see c) have seen d) having seen

4. We are looking forward to … on a tour around London by our English friends.

a) been taken b) being taken c) having been taken d) taking

5. You should … to other people’s opinions.

a) to listen b) to be listen c) listening d) listen

6. Don’t pretend … what you aren’t.

a) to be b) being c) be d) to have been

7. The child was made … the truth.

a) to tell b) tell c) be told d) to be told

8. This student is not used … hard.

a) to work b) to be working c) to working d) working

9. I used … in the library practically every day when in University.

a) sit b) to be sitting c) to sitting d) to sit

10. Jane noticed a friend of hers and stopped … to her.

a) talking b) to talk c) talk d) be talked

11. Computers are said … TV sets in the near future.

a) to replace b) replacing c) being replaced d) replace

12. His parents never let him … in bed

a) reading b) to read c) to reading d) read

13. I don’t mind … the experiment.

a) against repeating b) repeat c) repeating d) to repeat

14. I hope … the first prize at the competition.

a) for entering b) to enter c) of entering d) entering

15. Why not … power usage?

a) to reduce b) reducing c) reduce d) be reduced

16. We regret … you that you failed at your exam.

a) informing b) inform c) about informing d) to inform

17. The man was seen … the computer.

a) to load b) load c) loading d) being loaded

18. Can you hear those two scientists … an argument?

a) have b) having c) to have d) are having

19. The child was so nice that people couldn’t help … at him.

a) smile b) to smile c) smiling d) from smiling

20. Poor people can’t afford … their children to expensive schools.

a) sending b) to send c) sent d) to sent

21. Nobody can expect you … overtime.

a) work b) to work c) working d) to be worked

22. All people enjoy …

a) to praise b) praising c) be praised d) being praised

23. The students stopped … ready for their exams and had some rest.

a) getting b) get c) to get d) with getting

24. I don’t want anyone … me while I am depressed.

a) see b) seeing c) to see d) saw

25. Before … the letter, he answered a telephone call.

a) to read b) read c) his reading d) reading

26. These firms are not interested … people over fifty.

a) in employing b) to employ c) employ d) employing

27. I’d prefer … in a flat rather than in a hotel.

a) to live b) living c) live d) of living

28. Let us … when you are coming.

a) to know b) know c) of knowing d) knew

29. It’s no good … for a walk. It’s raining.

a) in going b) to go c) going d) about going

30. What prevented you … to the lecture?

a) of coming b) to come c) against coming d) from coming