Тема 14. Причинная обусловленность преступлений

Цель: развитие навыков и умений устной речи по теме.

Задачи:

- способствовать овладению тематическим словарем,

- формировать навыки чтения текста,

- совершенствовать репродуктивные грамматические навыки.

Учащийся должен знать:

- лексический материал темы «Причинная обусловленность преступлений»,

- социокультурные нормы общения по теме «Причинная обусловленность преступлений»,

- правила употребления причастий.

Учащийся должен уметь:

- владеть навыками ознакомительного чтения,

- резюмировать информацию полученную из текстов данной лексической темы,

- на практике применять лексический и грамматический материал темы,

- вести общение по теме «Причинная обусловленность преступлений».

Тема 14.1. Биологические теории.

Грамматическая тема: Конструкции с причастием.

Study the words and the word-combinations.

attribute – приписывать

innate - врожденный

biological – биологический

facial – лицевой

hypothesis – предложение

persistent criminal / recidivist - закоренелый преступник, рецидивист

atavism - появление у потомка признаков вырождения или уродства свойственных его отдалённым предкам

reversion – возвращение

relate – относить

muscular – мускулистый

endeavour – пытаться

exhibit – проявить

identical – идентичный

fraternal – братский

adopt – усыновлять

adoptive - приемный

1. Read the text.

Biological theories

Some theories attribute the tendency toward criminality to innate biological factors. The most famous of these is probably that of the Italian Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909), one of the first scientific criminologists, whose theories were related to Darwinian theories of evolution. His investigations of the skulls and facial features of robbers led him to the hypothesis that serious or persistent criminality was associated with atavism, or the reversion to a primitive stage of human development. [Atavism is reappearance in a person of a characteristic or quality that has not shown itself for several or many generations.] Another biological theory related criminality to body types, suggesting that it was more common among muscular, athletic persons than among tall, thin persons or soft, rounded individuals. Some criminologists have endeavoured to answer the question of whether biological factors are more important than social factors in criminal behaviour by studying the behaviour of twins. Various studies have shown that twins are more likely to exhibit similar tendencies toward criminality if they are identical than if they are fraternal. [Identical twin is one of a pair of brothers or sisters born at the same time to the same mother, who look almost exactly alike.] The suggestion of genetic influences in criminal behaviour is supported by studies of adopted children carried out to determine the influence of the biological parent on criminality. One such study showed that the rate of criminality was higher among those adopted children who had one biological parent who was criminal than among those who had one adoptive parent who was criminal. The highest rates of criminality were found among those children who had both biological parents and adoptive parents who were criminal.

II. Answer the questions:

1) What factors do some theories attribute the tendency toward criminality to? 2) Whose theories were related to Darwinian theories of evolution? 3) What hypothesis did his investigations lead him to? 4) What did another biological theory relate criminality to? 5) What question did some criminologists try to answer? 6) Are identical or fraternal twins more likely to exhibit criminality? 7) What is the suggestion of genetic influences in criminal behaviour supported by? 8) Among what children was the rate of criminality higher?

III. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1) Serious criminality is associated with magnetism. 2) Persistent criminality is associated with a civilized society. 3) Recidivist is a criminal who keeps doing things that are illegal, even after they have been punished. 4) Theory of Evolution relates criminality to body types. 5) Criminality is more common among tall, thin persons than among muscular, athletic persons. 6) Social factors are more important than biological factors in criminal behaviour. 7) Fraternal twins are more likely to exhibit tendencies toward criminality. 8) Identical twins are less likely to exhibit tendencies toward criminality.

IV. Restore the word order in the following statements:

1) Serious criminality associated with atavism was. 2) Persistent criminality was with the reversion to a primitive stage of human development associated. 3) Biological theory criminality to body types related. 4) Criminality more common among muscular, athletic persons than among tall, thin persons was. 5) Biological factors more important than social factors in are criminal behaviour. 6) Identical twins tendencies toward are more likely to exhibit criminality. 7) Fraternal twins’ tendencies toward criminality are less likely to exhibit.

V. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English:

Личное обаяние; рецидивист; цивилизованное общество; эволюционная теория; приписывать; врожденный; биологический; лицевой; гипотеза; закоренелый преступник; рецидивист; появление у потомка признаков вырождения или уродства; возвращение; проявить; идентичный; братский; усыновлять; относить; мускулистый; пытаться; приемный.

VI. Complete the following statements:

1) Lombroso's investigations of the skulls and facial features of robbers led him to … 2) Atavism is … 3) Biological theory related criminality to … 4) Criminologists endeavoured to answer the question of … 5) Identical twins are more likely to exhibit … 6) Fraternal are less likely to exhibit … 7) Identical twin is … 8) The suggestion of genetic influences in criminal behaviour is supported by … 9) Studies of adopted children showed that … 10) The highest rates of criminality were found among …

VII. Choose one topic to speak about a) atavism and criminality; b) body types and criminality; c) twins and criminality; d) adopted children and criminality. Retell the text “Biological theories”.