Времена группы perfect

to have (has, had, will have) + Participle II

	Present	Past	Future
Affirmative	I We You have written T hey H e S he has written It	I We You They had written He She It	I shall have written We Y ou They He will have written S he It
Negative	I We have not (haven’t) Y ou written They H e has not S he (hasn’t) It written	I We You had not They (hadn’t) He written She It	I shall not (shan’t) We have written Y ou They will not (won’t) He have written S he It
Interrogative	I we Have you written? t hey h e H as she written? it	I we you Had they written? he she it	Shall I have written? we you they Will he have written? she it

Совершенные времена (Perfect Tenses) обозначают действие, которое совершилось к определенному моменту в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем.

Времена группы Perfect переводятся на русский язык глаголами совершенного вида.

Present Perfect часто употребляется с наречиями времени (already, just, yet, never, ever) и со словами, выражающими еще не истекшие периоды времени (today, this year, this month, this week, this morning и т.д.).

Present Perfect может употребляться для выражения действия, которое началось в прошлом и не закончилось к данному моменту, а все еще продолжается. Период действия обычно указывается с помощью слов for (в течение) или since (с, с тех пор как, с тех пор). В этом случае Present Perfect переводится на русский язык глаголом несовершенного вида: I have lived here since 1970. — Я живу здесь с 1970 года.

Определенный момент в прошлом (Past Perfect) или будущем (Future Perfect) выражается обозначениями времени с предлогом by — к (by 3 o’clock yesterday, by 3 o’clock tomorrow, by the time he сame (comes).

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:

1. Have you learnt the new words ? 2. Has your brother learnt to drive a car ? 3. Have you bought a new dictionary ? 4. How many films have you seen this month ? 5. What English books have you read this year ? 6. Where has Ann gone ? 7. Had you ever heard a word of spoken English before you went to England ? 8. Had he got his scientific degree by the end of 1990 ? 9. Had you participated in any scientific society before you entered the University ? 10. Will you have come back before the new term begins ? 11. By what time will you have reached the airport ? 12. Will he have finished his picture by November ? 13. By what time will they have sent on their heavy things ? 14. By what time will the game have started ?

Exercise 2. Put the verb in brackets into the Present, Past or Future Perfect Tense.

1. I (to hear) of him ever since I was born. 2. By the time you arrive we (to leave). 3. The students (to know) the results of the examination by 3 o’clock tomorrow. 4. By 5 o’clock the Congress (to adopt) the draft programme. 5. After they (to present) the draft of the Programme, long debates took place. 6. I (to do) already all my lessons. 7. He (to reject) just our proposal. 8. Our family (to live) in this street since we got a new flat.

Exercise 3. Form general or special questions with the question word given.

1. We have been friends since childhood. (since when) 2. The rain hasn’t stopped yet. (general) 3. The film has been on for a week. (for how long) 4. He had recovered by the time I returned from my 1еave. (general) 5. He will have worked as a teacher for 20 years by next September. (for how long) 6. The students will have started the discussion by the time you come. (who)

Exercise 4. Translate into English.

1. Он когда-нибудь показывал свои работы специалисту? 2. Этот фильм шел в нашем кинотеатре целую неделю. 3. Его лекции были всегда интересными. 4. Что с ней произошло? Я давно ее не вижу. 5. Он сказал, что его родители всегда жили в деревне. 6. Он получил плохую оценку на экзамене по английскому языку, т.к. сделал много ошибок в письменном переводе. 7. На вечере мы встретили людей, которых никогда раньше не видели. 8. Мой сын еще школьник, но на будущий год к этому времени он уже закончит школу.