4. Present perfect. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below.

1 Soldiers __ through the gates for nearly a thousand years, (march).

2 Scotland and England __ united for over a century, (be).

3 Tourists __ the Highlands for over a century. (visit).

4. The rail bridge __ trains to the Highlands for more than 100 years, (carry)

5 The volcano called King Arthur's Seat __ dead for a long time, (be)

6 Methods of making whisky __ for hundreds of years, (not change)

7. The Scots __ tartan for hundreds of years, (wear)

Section 2 about roman britain

1. Read this passage and make questions for the answers below.

Out of curiosity and military need, Julius Caesar set sail from Gaul (France) one August evening in 55 ВС to invade Britain. This first attempt was not a great success, but it was followed by more successful ones, ending with a full-scale invasion under the Emperor Claudius in AD 43. He took elephants with him and 40,000 men.

Over the next forty years, the Romans built market places, public baths and law courts in towns all over England, and networks of straight roads between them. The Romans did not civilize Wales and Scotland and parts of south-west England and it was here that the 'barbarian' Celtic tribes lived. They sometimes attacked Roman England, but it was only after the Ninth Legion was lost near York, that the Emperor Hadrian ordered the building of a wall right across the north of the country to keep out the Scots.

For the next century or so, Britain was at peace, but in the year 406 the Romans withdrew their armies, which were needed to defend other parts of the Roman Empire. The 350 years of Roman civilization brought many new ways to Britain, and almost all the major towns have some reminder of the Roman occupation in the foundations of their roads and town centres.

1 One August evening in 55 ВС.

2 40,000.

3 Market places, public baths and law courts.

4 Near York.

5 To keep out the Scots.

6 In the year 406.

_{HADRIAN'S WALL AND DURHAM}

1. Read ad translate the text

Northumberland is a place where England meets Scotland. Forty kilometres south of the modern border is Hadrian's Wall. It was built by the Roman Emperor, Hadrian, nearly two thousand years ago.

When the Romans left Britain in the fourth century, the wall was four and a half metres high and went right across Britain from the west coast to the east. All along this great wall were towers, castles and forts. At this fort a Roman hospital was found. Hadrian's Wall is a good place for a long walk – if you're energetic.

_DURHAM

South of Hadrian's Wall is the city of Durham with its cathedral high above the River Wear. The cathedral and the castle were built by the Normans, who came to Britain from France six hundred years after the Romans left. The cathedral was begun in 1093.

On the door is the famous sanctuary knocker. In Norman times, the Church could protect people from the king. Even a criminal was safe if he could reach the knocker.

Nine hundred years later, the people of Durham take good care of their cathedral. It may be almost a museum now, but it's still a living religious centre too.

In Durham you can see an old market place. «Vaux» is a local brewer of ale, or beer, Britain's most popular alcoholic drink. They still deliver beer in the traditional way, using a horse-drawn cart called a dray.