When Index

In dealing with people, we must remember that although their names do not change, they may act differently with the passing of time. Susie (1994) may have had many habits that made people call her selfish. Susie (today) may not have those habits. You cannot simply meet Susie (1994) and decide she is selfish, then for the rest of your life assume that’s the way she is because that’s the way she was. Susie may have changes (and, of course, Susie may not have changed). The point is, again, to survey the Susie-territory before you hang a 1994 label on her today.

If we want to react to people as they are (rather than to people as they were), we must recognize the process factor in knowledge. We must remember with Whitehead that “Knowledge keeps no better than fish”.

All of us make missteps. All of us have done mean, selfish, illegal, unworthy and terrible things. If people get impressions of us at such unfortunate times, and then set them in concrete in their minds and refuse to reevaluate us at later times, then we are sunk. When that happens, a person may feel there is no need to try to act better or improve himself. He may feel that his reputation is establishes, and no matter how he changes, it will help him because people are not open-minded enough to revise their opinion. You can see what unhappiness poor thinking habits can cause. Clear thinking demands that we use the when index to attune ourselves to the possibilities of change.

Grammar Review

I. Translate into Russian:

1. The valves help to maintain the pressure necessary for circulation. 2. The purpose of the book is to inform the practicing users. 3. This new publication aims to provide a practical guide for specialists 4. To obtain as well as to interpret terms is of importance to linguists. 5. It is important to consider the clinical aspects of the cases under discussion. 6. To prevent diseases is our major task. 7. The aim of the book is to be a guide for students. 8. Every effort has been made to provide up-to-date information.

III. Give English equivalents:

1. Эта работа предназначена для тех, кто работает в области биологии. 2. Данные были включены в статью, чтобы помочь читателю в дальнейших исследованиях. 3. Цель нашего исследования – понять причины этих неудач. 4. Вопрос, на который надо ответить, сложный. 5. Институт был создан, чтобы улучшить исследования в данной области. 6. Данные, которые будут опубликованы в нашей статье, были получены в нашей лаборатории.

Unit 6

Read and translate the text:

Text

Reading

Reading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and medieval worlds, while during the fifteenth century the term “reading” undoubtedly meant reading aloud. Only during the nineteenth century did silent reading become commonplace.

One should be wary, however, of assuming that silent reading came about simply because reading aloud is a distraction to others. Examination of factors related t the historical development of silent reading reveals that it became the usual mode of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because tasks themselves changes in character.

The last century saw a steady gradual increase in literacy, and thus in the number of readers. As readers increased, so the number of potential listeners declined, and thus there was some reduction in the need to read aloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, so came the flourishing of reading as a private activity in such public places as libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would cause distraction to other readers.

Towards the end of the century there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully, and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way mentally weakening. Indeed this argument remains with us still in education. However, whatever its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a specialist readership on the other.

By the end of the century students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, if not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural and technological changes in the century had greatly altered what the term “reading” implied.

Grammar Review

1. Remember the follow-expressions:

It follows

As follows

As following

Follow-up

Follow-up study

II. Give Russian equivalents of the sentences:

1. The paper was followed by a series of reports. 2. The operated children were followed to age of 7 to 8. 3. Control subjects followed the same visit protocol as the experimental groups. 4. A typical experiment was carried out as follows. 5. The treatment of virus diseases is followed by the development of new drugs. 6. Each paper is followed by an extensive bibliography. 7. All of them are aware of the fact. It follows that additional requirements are not necessary.

“Translator’s false friends”