Translate the sentences using one of the definitions:

OPTIMISTIC

Оптимистичный, оптимистический;

Завышенный

To avoid the measurement of an overly optimistic NA, sufficient length of fiber should be used.

The maximum Reynolds numbers are based on an optimistic length.

… neglecting it implies far better regulation than actual, which will generally lend to an optimistic solution.

Unit 18

Read and translate the text:

Text

Prejudice arises when people take a statistical approach to man, or thing. We are prejudiced when we read the labels instead of looking at man or thing. We are prejudiced when we are content with “averaging out”.

All of us carry around in our heads a pack of prejudices. We may be prejudiced against certain races and certain classes. We may prejudiced against people with immigrant heritages. We have political prejudices, religious prejudices, prejudices against people in other parts of the world and in other parts of our own country, and we can even be prejudiced against people in the next town or in another part of our own town. We can have prejudices about red automobiles or modern art.

We get an unfavourable picture in our heads and then proceed blindly as though that picture were adequate to represent all people or things that are included under the label. Or we can get a favourable picture in our heads and then blind ourselves to all sorts of unfavourable aspects of man or thing. We find what we are looking for, and we are looking for what is already in our minds.

The word “prejudice” means to pre-judge. We judge a person by his name or by the labels applied to him. We close our eyes and act in accordance with the ideas inside our heads. We think we know all about the person or thing, and we refuse to check our knowledge. But we must observe man, who stands before us in order to act intelligently and fairly toward him. We do not deal with people in general. We deal with individual people and an individual person may not fit the average idea we have. We must remember that man 1 is not man 2, man 2 is not man 3, etc.

Grammar Review

1. Analyse and translate the following sentences:

1. To know everything s to know nothing.

2. The purpose of this book is to provide a clear understanding of his theory.

3. Many scholars agree nowadays that metaphysics is something to be avoided.

4. The only evidence to be accepted is that to be tested by experience.

5. That is true conclusion to be made.

6. Research to be carried out now is of great importance.

7. The discovery to be made will be of certain value.

2. Translate the sentences:

1. Они почувствовали, что атмосфера стала напряженной, и вышел.

2. Я услышал, что профессор упомянул об этом необъяснимом феномене несколько раз.

3. Она заметила, как кто-то внимательно изучает ее лицо и взгляд.

4. Они увидели, как программист приготовился к эксперименту в новых условиях.

5. Я заметил, что специалисты преодолели все трудности и восстановили моральные силы.

6. Ученый заметил, как его сотрудники выглядят изможденными и вялыми после сложного эксперимента.

7. Мы слышали, что он занимает руководящую должность и исследовательском центре.

Phrasal Verbs

GET

Get about распространяться, разъезжать

Get abroad распространяться (о слухах), становиться известным

Get across переправляться, четко излагать (мысль)

Get ahead продвинуться, преуспевать

Get along (with) ладить

Get at придираться; дотянуться; дозвониться

Get away убегать, уезжать

Get back получить обратно; возвращаться

Get by справляться

Get down спускаться; угнетать

Get in прибывать; попасть; пройти (в правление)

Get into войти; садиться; вступить

Get off сойти; снимать

Get on садиться; преуспеть; стареть

Get out выбраться, отделаться

Get over преодолеть

Get round обойти; уговорить

Get through дозвониться

Get to достигать, добираться

Get under гасить, тушить (пожар)

Get up вставать; усиливаться (о пожаре, ветре)

Get up to затевать

Make up the sentences of your own using the verbs.

Unit 19

Read and translate the text:

Text

Water

Water is a chemical compound of oxygen and hydrogen, the latter gas forming two thirds of its volume. It is the most abundant of all chemical compounds, five sevenths of the earth’s surface being covered with water. As we know, water doesn’t burn, on the contrary, it is generally used for putting out the fire. Therefore it seems remarkable that the two gases which it is composed of act in the opposite way: one of them – hydrogen – burns, the second – oxygen – makes things burn mush faster than air does. Hydrogen is the lightest gas known, oxygen being slightly heavier than air.

Water like air is never found quite pure in nature but contains various salts and minerals in solution. Salt water being heavier, some things will float in it which would sink in fresh water, hence it is easier to swim in salt water. When sea water freezes the salt separates from it, ice being quite pure.

The almost endless application of water are such that without it all life would cease. Water is necessary for the existence of man, animals and plants, every living thing containing large amounts of water. Being a solvent of most substances it is indispensable in chemistry and medicine. When used in engineering its great resistance to compression enables it to transmit enormous power. When we drink water it is almost immediately coursing through our system, the body being purified of poison which is carried off in solution. When heated, water changes into an invisible gas; freezing it we get a solid block of crystals. When evaporated it forms clouds from where it falls on the earth as rain or snow; the soil absorbing the water which appears on the surface again in the form of streams to begin a new cycle of evaporation. In its various changes it is indestructible disappearing only to appear again in another form. It goes round and round, the total amount of water on the earth never changing.

Grammar Review

1. Translate the following sentences:

1. His theory is said to have been developed for half a century.

2. He is likely to have made a full review of the article.

3. He proves to be a leading scientist in this field of sociology.

4. The experiments are reported to have been over successfully.

5. The translation of the article is certain to be certain to be published next month.

6. Many foreign delegates appeared to know Russian.

7. Less attractive personalities are likely to experience less rewards in the social situations.

2. Translate into English:

1. Данные, обсужденные на семинаре, представляют особый интерес.

2. Они не могли не согласиться с его точкой зрения, выраженной так нелогично.

3. Проводя исследование, он случайно натолкнулся на интересный феномен.

4. Наблюдения, совершенные с помощью специальных методик, дают различные результаты.

5. Ее заключение, основанное на последних статистических данных, было вполне правильным.

6. Новое достижение, совершенное в этой сфере, представляет определенный интерес.

7. Данное взаимодействие является результатом тесного общения.

“Translator’s false friends”