1. Translate into Ukrainian.

A gear shaper is a machine tool for cutting the teeth of internal or external gears. The name shaper relates to the fact that the cutter engages the part on the forward stroke and pulls away from the part on the return stroke, just like the clapper box on a planer shaper.

The cutting tool is also gear shaped having the same pitch as the gear to be cut. However number of cutting teeth must be less than that of the gear to be cut for internal gears. For external gears the number of teeth on the cutter is limited only by the size of the shaping machine. For larger gears the blank is usually gashed to the rough shape to make shaping easier.

Fig. 2 Gear Shaper

2. Translate into English. Зубостругальний верстат

Верстати зубостугальні призначені для нарізування циліндричних і черв'ячних коліс в умовах крупносерійного, серійного й одиничного виробництва. Нарізування зубчастих коліс виробляється способом обкатування черв'ячною фрезою методом попутного й зустрічного зубофрезирування. Верстати забезпечують роботу як в однопрохідному, так й у двухпрохідному автоматичних циклах з автоматичною зміною швидкості різання й подачі. Виключається необхідність зміни зубчастих коліс у гітарах швидкостей подач при переході верстата з першого проходу на другий. Призначений для чистової й чорнової обробки прямозубих конічних коліс в умовах одиничного й серійного виробництва. Обробка виконується двома зубострогальными різцями методами врізання й обкатування.

Lathe

1. Translate into Ukrainian.

The lathe is a machine tool used principally for shaping articles of metal (and sometimes wood or other materials) by causing the workpiece to be held and rotated by the lathe while a tool bit is advanced into the work causing the cutting action. The basic lathe that was designed to cut cylindrical metal stock has been developed further to produce screw threads, tapered work, drilled holes, knurled surfaces and crankshafts. The typical lathe provides a variety of rotating speeds and a means to manually and automatically move the cutting tool into the workpiece. Machinists and maintenance shop personnel must be thoroughly familiar with the lathe and its operations to accomplish the repair and fabrication of needed parts.

Lathes can be divided into three types for easy identification: engine lathes, turret lathes, and special purpose lathes. Small lathes can be bench mounted, are lightweight, and can be and transported in wheeled vehicles easily. The larger lathes are floor mounted and may require special transportation if they must be moved. Field and maintenance shops generally use a lathe that can be adapted to many operations and that is not too large to be moved from one work site to another. The engine lathe (Figure 7-1 ) is ideally suited for this purpose. A trained operator can accomplish more machining jobs with the engine lathe than with any other machine tool. Turret lathes and special purpose lathes are usually used in production or job shops for mass production or specialized parts, while basic engine lathes are usually used for any type of lathe work. Further reference to lathes in this chapter will be about the various engine lathes.

ENGINE LATHES