
- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •§ 2. Two Approaches to Language
- •§ 3. Lexicology and Sociolinguistics
- •§ 4. Lexical Units
- •§ 5. Varieties of Words
- •§ 6. Course of Modern English Lexicology
- •Lecture 1. Methods and procedures of lexicological analysis
- •§ 1. Contrastive Analysis
- •§ 2. Statistical Analysis
- •§ 3. Immediate Constituents Analysis
- •§ 4. Distributional analysis and Co-occurence
- •§ 5. Transformational Analysis
- •§ 6. Componental Analysis
- •§ 7. Method of Semantic Differential
- •Practical tasks and exercises
- •1. Read and analyze the following extract on the basis of the above mentioned methods of linguistic analysis:
- •Lecture 2. Semasiology
- •§ 1. Referential Approach
- •§ 2. Meaning in the Referential Approach
- •§ 3. Functional Approach to Meaning
- •§ 4. Relation Between the Two Approaches
- •§ 5. Grammatical Meaning
- •§ 6. Lexical Meaning
- •§ 7. Part-of-Speech Meaning
- •§ 8. Denotational and Connotational
- •§ 9. Emotive Charge
- •§ 10. Stylistic Reference
- •§ 11. Emotive Charge and Stylistic Reference
- •§ 12. Lexical Meaning
- •§ 13. Functional (Parf-of-Speech) Meaning
- •§ 14. Differential Meaning
- •§ 15. Distributional Meaning
- •§ 16. Morphological Motivation
- •§ 17. Phonetical Motivation
- •§ 18. Semantic Motivation
- •Practical tasks and exercises
- •1. Translate the following words into Ukrainian paying attention to the difference in their meaning.
- •2. A) Comment on the lexical meaning of the words in bold type. B) Comment on their lexical and grammatical contexts. C) Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •3. Classify the following words according to the type of motivation.
- •4. A) Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian. B) Classify the words in bold type into affixal and root antonyms.
- •5. A) Pick out synonyms from the sentences below. Comment on their shades of meaning and stylistic reference. B) Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •Lecture 3. Word-groups and phraseological units
- •§ 1. Lexical Valency (Collocability)
- •§ 2. Grammatical Valency
- •§ 3. Distribution as the Criterion of Classification
- •§ 4. Lexical Meaning
- •§ 5. Structural Meaning
- •§ 6. Interrelation of Lexical and Structural Meaning in Word-Groups
- •Interdependence of structure and meaning in word-groups
- •§ 7. Syntactic Structure (Formula) and Pattern of Word-Groups
- •§ 8. Motivation in Word-Groups
- •§ 9. Free Word-groups Versus Set-phrases. Phraseological Units, Idioms, Word-equivalents
- •§ 10. Criteria of Stability and Lack of Motivation (Idiomaticity)
- •§ 11. Classification
- •§ 12. Phraseological Units and Idioms Proper
- •§ 13. Phraseology as a Subsystem of Language
- •Practical tasks and exercises
- •1. Comment on the structural types and patterns of the following words. Translate the words into Ukrainian.
- •2. Group the phraseological units in bold type according to their classification mentioned in the lecture. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •3. Group the following phraseological units according to the classification based on the structural principle. Give their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •4. Define the meanings of the following polysemantic units in bold type. Comment on the ways of developing their polysemy. Translate the sentence into Ukrainian.
- •5. Group the following phraseological units into synonymous pairs. Give their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •6. Choose antonyms to the following phraseological units (use the list in brackets below). Translate these antonymous pairs into Ukrainian.
- •Lecture 4. Word-structure
- •§ 1. Segmentation of Words into Morphemes
- •§ 2. Principles of Morphemic Analysis. Types of Word Segmentability
- •§ 3. Classification of Morphemes
- •§ 4. Procedure of Morphemic Analysis
- •§ 5. Morphemic Types of Words
- •§ 6. Derivative Relations
- •§ 7. Derivational Bases
- •§ 8. Derivational Affixes
- •§ 9. Semi-Affixes
- •§10. Derivational Patterns
- •§ 11. Derivational Types of Words
- •Practical tasks and exercises
- •1. Make the morphemic analysis of the following words. Translate the words into Ukrainian.
- •2. Classify the stems of the words given below into simple, derived, compound; free, bound, semi-bound.
- •3. Analyze the structure of the following words on the derivational and morphemic levels, use the method of ic and uc analysis:
- •4. Name the nouns formed with the following suffixes. State which of the suffixes are productive: -tion, -dom, -ness, -ism, -ship, -er, -ist, -th, -ige. Lecture 5. Word-formation
- •Various ways of forming words
- •§ 1. Various Types and Ways of Forming Words
- •§ 2. Word-formation. Definition.
- •§ 3. Word-formation as the Subject of Study
- •§ 4. Productivity of Word-formation
- •§ 5. Definition. Degree of Derivation. Prefixal and Suffixal Derivative
- •§ 6. Prefixation. Some Debatable Problems
- •§ 7. Classification of Prefixes
- •§ 8. Suffixation. Peculiarities of Some Suffixes
- •§ 9. Main Principles of Classification
- •§ 10. Polysemy and Homonymy
- •§ 11. Synonymy
- •§ 12. Productivity
- •§ 13. Origin of Derivational Affixes
- •§ 14. Definition
- •§ 15. Typical Semantic Relations
- •I. Verbs converted from nouns (denominal verbs).
- •II. Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal substantives).
- •§ 16. Diachronic Approach of Conversion. Origin
- •§ 17. Productivity. Traditional and Occasional Conversion
- •Practical tasks and exercises
- •5. Comment on the examples of converted words in the sentences below. State to what part of speech they belong and the derivational pattern оf conversion.
- •Lecture 6. Word-formation. Compounding
- •§ 2. Structure
- •§ 3. Meaning
- •§ 4. Structural Meaning of the Pattern
- •§ 5. The Meaning of Compounds. Motivation
- •§ 6. Relations between the iCs of Compounds
- •§ 7. Different Parts of Speech
- •§ 8. Means of Composition
- •§ 9. Correlation between Compounds and Free Phrases
- •§ 10. Sources of Compounds
- •Practical tasks and exercises
- •1. Analyse the structure of the iCs of the following compound words. Translate the compounds into Ukrainian.
- •2. Find compounds in the following sentences, define their structural type and state to what part of speech they belong. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •3. Discriminate between compounds proper and derivational compounds given in bold type. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •4. Translate the following words and phrases into English using the stems in brackets.
- •Lecture 7. Etymological survey of the english word-stock
- •§1 . Some Basic Assumptions
- •§ 2. Semantic Characteristics and Collocability
- •§ 3. Derivational Potential
- •§ 4. Causes and Ways of Borrowing
- •§ 5. Criteria of Borrowings
- •§ 6. Assimilation of Borrowings
- •§ 7. Phonetic, Grammatical and Lexical Assimilation of Borrowings
- •Interrelation between native and borrowed elements
- •§ 8. The Role of Native and Borrowed Elements
- •§ 9. Influence of Borrowings
- •Practical tasks and exercises
- •1. A) Using an etymological dictionary, classify the following words of native origin into: 1) Indo-European, 2) Germanic, 3) English proper.
- •3. Comment on the origin of the following geographical names.
- •4. A) Pick out the French borrowings from the sentences given below. Identify the period of borrowings. B) Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •5. State from what languages the following words are borrowed. Comment on their meaning.
- •6. A) Classify the borrowings given in bold type according to the degree of their assimilation. State from what languages they are borrowed. B) Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •Lecture 8. Various aspects of vocabulary units and replenishment of modern english word-stock
- •Interdependence of various aspects of the word
- •§ 1. Notional and Form-Words
- •§ 2. Development of Vocabulary
- •§ 3. Structural and Semantic Peculiarities of New Vocabulary Units
- •§ 4. Productive Word-Formation
- •§ 5. Various Ways of Word-Creation
- •§ 6. Borrowing
- •§ 7. Number of Vocabulary Items in Actual Use and Number of Vocabulary Units in Modern English
- •Variants and dialects of the english language
- •§ 8. General Characteristics of the English Language in Different Parts of the English-Speaking World
- •§ 9. Lexical Differences of Territorial Variants
- •§ 10. Some Points of History of the Territorial Variants and Lexical Interchange Between Them
- •Practical tasks and exercises
- •2. Pick out all the substantivized adjectives from the following sentences. Comment on their structural-semantic features and the degree of substantivation. B) Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •3. Compare the following pairs of nouns and adjectives. Comment on their meanings. Use the adjectives in sentences of your own.
- •4. A) Comment on the formation of the clipped words given in bold type. B) Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •5. A) Pick out all the abbreviations from the sentences given below. Comment on their formation. B) Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •6. A) Comment on the formation of the following blends, b) Translate the blends into Ukrainian.
- •Lecture 9. Fundamentals of english lexicography
- •§ 1. Encyclopaedic and Linguistic Dictionaries
- •§ 2. Classification of Linguistic Dictionaries
- •§ 3. Explanatory Dictionaries
- •§ 4. Translation Dictionaries
- •§ 5. Specialised Dictionaries
- •§ 6. The Selection of Lexical Units for Inclusion
- •§ 7. Selection and Arrangement of Meanings
- •§ 8. Definition of Meanings
- •§ 9. Illustrative Examples
- •§ 10. Choice of Adequate Equivalents
- •§ 11. Setting of the Entry
- •§ 12. Structure of the Dictionary
- •Practical tasks and exercises
- •1. A) Consulting an etymological dictionary, analyse the structure and origin of the following words. Comment on the phenomenon of folk (false) etymology. B) Translate the words into Ukrainian.
- •2. A) Using an etymological dictionary, define the type of meaning of the words in bold type. B) Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •Перелік рекомендованих джерел lecture 1 methods and procedures of lexicological analysis.
- •Lecture 2 semasiology
- •Lecture 3 word-groups and phraseological units
- •Lecture 4 word-structure
- •Lecture 5 word-formation. Various ways of forming words.
- •Lecture 6 word-formation. Compounding
- •Lecture 7 etymological survey of the english word-stock
- •Lecture 8
- •Various aspects of vocabulary units and replenishment of modern english word-stock. Variants and dialects of the english language
- •Lecture 9 fundamentals of english lexicography
Дерді Е. Т., Стахмич Ю. С.
ПОРІВНЯЛЬНА ЛЕКСИКОЛОГІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ТА АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВ
КОНСПЕКТ ЛЕКЦІЙ
2011
МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ, НАУКИ, МОЛОДІ ТА СПОРТУ УКРАЇНИ
Івано-Франківський національний технічний університет нафти і газу
Кафедра теорії та практики перекладу
Дерді Е. Т., Стахмич Ю. С.
ПОРІВНЯЛЬНА ЛЕКСИКОЛОГІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ТА АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВ
КОНСПЕКТ ЛЕКЦІЙ
Для студентів напряму підготовки
6.020303 – «Філологія», спеціальності «Переклад»
освітньо-кваліфікаційного рівня
7.02030304 – спеціаліст
Рекомендовано методичною радою
університету
Івано-Франківськ
2
011
МВ МВ 02070855-3517-2011
Дерді Е. Т., Стахмич Ю. С. Порівняльна лексикологія української та англійської мов. Конспект лекцій / Е. Т. Дерді, Ю. С. Стахмич – Івано-Франківськ: ІФНТУНГ, 2011. – 124 с.
Конспект лекцій з порівняльної лексикології української та англійської мов розроблено на основі робочої програми дисципліни “Порівняльна лексикологія української та англійської мов”.
Конспект лекцій складається з методично обробленого та систематизованого лекційного матеріалу, що супроводжується практичними завданнями та вправами.
Конспект лекцій допоможе студентам-філологам набути знання про сучасний стан розвитку словникового складу англійської мови у взаємодії з іншими підсистемами мови з урахуванням відповідних явищ у рідній мові, а також виробити вміння всебічно аналізувати процеси розвитку словникового складу порівнюваних мов, зміни значення слів з урахуванням мовних та позамовних чинників.
Призначено для студентів напряму підготовки 6.020303 – «Філологія», спеціальності «Переклад» освітньо-кваліфікаційного рівня 7.02030304 – спеціаліст.
Рецензент: д.ф.н., професор, завідувач кафедри документознавства та інформаційної діяльності Дербеньова Л. В.
Рекомендовано методичною радою університету
( протокол № _______ від _______________ 2011 р.)
© Дерді Е. Т., Стахмич Ю. С., 2011
© ІФНТУНГ, 2011
Contents
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………… |
4 |
LECTURE 1. METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF LEXICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS……………………………. |
8 |
LECTURE 2. SEMASIOLOGY …………………………………. |
15 |
LECTURE 3. WORD-GROUPS AND PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS …………………………………………………………... |
29 |
LECTURE 4. WORD-STRUCTURE …………………………… |
42 |
LECTURE 5. WORD-FORMATION. VARIOUS WAYS OF FORMING WORDS…………………………………………….. |
51 |
LECTURE 6. WORD-FORMATION. COMPOUNDING …….. |
64 |
LECTURE 7. ETYMOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE ENGLISH WORD-STOCK ………………………………......... |
72 |
LECTURE 8. VARIOUS ASPECTS OF VOCABULARY UNITS AND REPLENISHMENT OF MODERN ENGLISH WORD-STOCK. VARIANTS AND DIALECTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ………………………………………... |
83 |
LECTURE 9. FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY ……………………………………………… |
99 |
ПЕРЕЛІК РЕКОМЕНДОВАНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ ……………… |
117 |
Introduction
§ 1. Definition. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, the science of language. The term Lexicology is composed of two Greek morphemes: lexis meaning ‘word, phrase’ (hence lexicos ‘having to do with words’) and logos which denotes ‘learning, a department of knowledge’. Thus, the literal meaning of the term Lexiсolоgу is ‘the science of the word’. The literal meaning, however, gives only a general notion of the aims and the subject-matter of this branch of linguistic science, since all its other branches also take account of words in one way or another approaching them from different angles.
Lexicology as a branch of linguistics has its own aims and methods of scientific research, its basic task being a study and systematic description of vocabulary in respect to its origin, development and current use. Lexicology is concerned with words, variable word-groups, phraseological units, and with morphemes which make up words.
Distinction is naturally made between General Lexicology and Special Lexicology. General Lexicology is part of General Linguistics; it is concerned with the study of vocabulary irrespective of the specific features of any particular language. Special Lexicology is the Lexicology of a particular language (e.g. English, Russian, etc.), i.e. the study and description of its vocabulary and vocabulary units, primarily words as the main units of language. Needless to say that every Special Lexicology is based on the principles worked out and laid down by General Lexicology, a general theory of vocabulary.
§ 2. Two Approaches to Language
There are two principal approaches in linguistic science to the study of language material, namely the synchronic (Gr. syn – ‘together, with’ and chromos – ‘time’) and the diachronic (Gr. Dia – ‘through’) approach. With regard to Special Lexicology the synchronic approach is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as it exists at a given time, for instance, at the present time. It is special Desсriptive Lexicology that deals with the vocabulary and vocabulary units of a particular language at a certain time. A Course in Modern English Lexicology is therefore a course in Special Descriptive Lexicology, its object of study being the English vocabulary as it exists at the present time.
The diachronic approach in terms of Special Lexicology deals with the changes and the development of vocabulary in the course of time. It is special Historical Lexicology that deals with the evolution of the vocabulary units of a language as time goes by.
It should be emphatically stressed that the distinction between the synchronic and the diachronic study is merely a difference of approach separating for the purposes of investigation what in real language is inseparable. The two approaches should not be contrasted, or set one against the other; in fact, they are intrinsically interconnected and interdependent: every linguistic structure and system actually exists in a state of constant development so that the synchronic state of a language system is a result of a long process of linguistic evolution, of its historical development.