VI. Direct and Indirect Speech. (Прямая и косвенная речь)

Чужое высказывание может быть либо передано так, как оно было произнесено (прямая речь), либо описано с помощью сложносочинённого предложения (косвенная речь). Сравните:

Прямая речь

- ( What does he say?) - He says: "We'll have to take a taxi".

- ( Что он говорит?) - Он говорит: "Нам придется взять такси".

Косвенная речь

- He said ( that ) we would have to take a taxi.

- Он сказал, что нам придётся взять такси.

При изменении прямой речи в косвенную соблюдаются следующие правила:

1. Запятая и кавычки опускаются.

2. Все личные и притяжательные местоимения изменяются в зависимости от лица, от которого ведется речь.

3. Возможен союз "that".

4.а) В утвердительном предложении глагол в повелительном наклонении заменяется инфинитивом.

б) В отрицательном предложении 1 форма глагола изменяется на "not" + инфинитив.

5. В вопросах соблюдается прямой порядок слов.

6. Общие вопросы вводятся словами "if, whether - ли".

7. Специальные вопросы вводятся вопросительными словами.

8. Если есть дополнение, то после глагола say ставится предлог to, а после глагола – tell он отсутствует: He says to Olga – he tells Olga; He said to Boris – he told Boris.

Если в прямой речи глагол главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени, то при преобразовании прямой речи в косвенную время глагола придаточного предложения меняется в соответствии с правилами последовательности употребления времён. Именно в этом основное различие между русским и английским языками в употреблении косвенной речи.

Таким образом:

- Вместо настоящего используется прошедшее время (Past Simple/ Continuous)

- Вместо прошедшего или настоящего совершенного времен используется прошедшее сoвершённое время (Past Perfect)

- Вместо будущего времени используется would + инфинитив (Future in the past).

Examples: Peter: "I work in the garden." - Peter said that he worked in the garden.

Peter: "I worked in the garden."

Peter: "I have worked in the garden."

Peter: "I had worked in the garden." - Peter said that he had worked in the garden.

Peter: "I will work in the garden."- Peter said that he would work in the garden.

Peter: "I can work in the garden."- Peter said that he could work in the garden.

Peter: "I may work in the garden."- Peter said that he might work in the garden.

Peter: "I would work in the garden." - Peter said that he would work in the garden.

Peter: "I'm working in the garden."- Peter said that he was working in the garden.

Peter: "I was working in the garden."

Peter: "I have been working in the garden."

Peter: "I had been working in the garden." - Peter said that he had been working in the garden.

Peter: "Do you play football?" - Peter asked me whether (if) I played football.

Peter: "When do you play football?" - Peter asked me when I played football.

Father: "Do your homework."- Father told me to do my homework.

Teacher. "Don't talk to your neighbour."- The teacher told me not to talk to my neighbour.

При наличии обстоятельства времени и места также происходят изменения:

Yesterday the day before

this (evening) that (evening)

today/this day that day

these (days) those (days)

now then

(a week) ago (a week) before

last weekend the weekend before / the previous weekend

here there

next (week) the following (week)

tomorrow the next/following day

Иногда сдвиг времен необязателен (констатация факта):

John: "My brother is at Leipzig university." - John said that his brother is at Leipzig university. (John said that his brother was at Leipzig university).

Mandy: "The sun rises in the East."- Mandy said that the sun rises in the East.

(Mandy said that the sun rose in the East).

Exercises:

Закончите следующие предложения, используя косвенную речь.

a)

1) John: "Mandy is at home."

John said that _____________

2) Max: "Frank often reads a book."

Max told me that ______________

3) Susan: "I'm watching TV."

Susan said to me that ______________

4) Simon: "David was ill."

Simon said that ____________

5) Peggy: "The girls helped in the house."

Peggy told me that _________________

6) Richard: "I am going to ride a skateboard."

Richard said to me that ____________

7) Stephen and Claire: "We have cleaned the windows."

Stephen and Claire told me that _______________

8) Charles: "I didn't have time to do my homework."

Charles remarked that _________________

9) Mrs Jones: "My mother will be 50 years old."

Mrs Jones told me that ____________

10) Jean: "The boss must sign the letter."

Jean said that _______________

b)

1) Andrew: "Clean the blue bike!"

Andrew told me _____________

2) Jessica: "Write a text message!"

Jessica told me ______________

3) Nelly: "Help Peter's sister!"

Nelly told me _______________

4) Mike: "Don't shout at Peter!"

Mike told me _____________

5) Karen: "Don't play football in the garden!"

Karen told me ___________

6) Teacher: "Don't forget your homework!"

The teacher reminded me _____________

c)

1) Emily: "Our teacher will go to Leipzig tomorrow."

Emily said that _________________

2) Helen: "I was writing a letter yesterday."

Helen told me that ______________

3) Robert: "My father flew to Dallas last year."

Robert told me that _____________

4) Lisa: "Tim went to the stadium an hour ago."

Lisa said that _________________

5) Patricia: "My mother will celebrate her birthday next weekend."

Patricia said that ______________

6) Michael: "I am going to read a book this week."

Michael said to me that _________________

d)

1) Mandy: "Are the boys reading the book?"

Yesterday Mandy asked me ____________________.

2) Jason: "Who gave you the laptop?"

Yesterday Jason wanted to know _________________ .

3) Robert: "Is Tim leaving on Friday?"

Yesterday Robert asked me _______________ .

4) Daniel: "Will it rain tomorrow?"

Yesterday Daniel asked me _____________.

5) Jennifer: "Where do you play football today?"

Yesterday Jennifer wanted to know ____________ .

6) Nancy: "Why didn't Nick go to New York last summer?"

Yesterday Nancy wanted to know _______________.

7) Barbara: "Must I do my homework this afternoon?"

Yesterday Barbara asked me ________________.

8) Linda: "Did Max fly to London two weeks ago?"

Yesterday Linda wanted to know ________________ .

9) Grandmother: "Where are my glasses?"

Yesterday Grandmother asked me ______________.

10) A man: "When does the train to Liverpool leave?"

Yesterday a man asked me _________.

Тест

Выберите правильный вариант передачи косвенной речи:

1. “I haven’t done my homework,” she says.

a) She says she hadn’t done her homework.

b) She says she hasn’t done my homework.

c) She says she hasn’t done her homework.

d) She says she has her homework done.

2. “We are worried about Peter,” they said.

a) They said they have been worried about Peter.

b) They said they were worried about Peter.

c) They say they are worried about Peter.

d) They said they worried Peter.

3. “I don’t smoke,” John said.

a) John said he doesn’t smoke.

b) John said he smoked.

c) John says he doesn’t smoke.

d) John said he didn’t smoke.

4. “I must go home to make dinner,” she said.

a) She said she must go home to make dinner.

b) She said she had to go home to make dinner.

c) She said she had gone home to make dinner.

d) She said that I must go home to make dinner.

5. “I’m going to move to another flat,” he said.

a) He said he’s going to move to another flat.

b) He said he was going to another flat.

c) He said he was going to move to another flat.

d) He said I was going to move to another flat.

6. Kate said: ”We went swimming today”.

a) Kate told they went swimming today.

b) Kate said they had gone swimming today.

c) Kate said they had gone swimming that day.

d) Kate said we went swimming that day.

7. “We met her about two months ago,” Tom said.

a) Tom said they met two months ago.

b) Tom said they had met her two months before.

c) Tom said they had met two months before.

d) Tom said we met her two months ago.

8. “We’ll meet her next week,” they said.

a) They said they would meet her the following week.

b) They said we’ll meet her next week.

c) They said they’ll meet her the following week.

d) They said they meet her next week.

9. “Hurry up,” Jack told me.

a) Jack said me hurry up. b) Jack told me hurry up.

c) Jack told hurry up. d) Jack told me to hurry up.

10. “Don’t be frightened,” she told us.

a) She said us not be frightened. b) She told us don’t be frightened.

c) She told us not to be frightened. d) She told do not be frightened.

11. “Could you lend me some money, please?” Dan asked.

a) Dan asked me lend some money, please.

b) Dan told me lend some money.

c) Dan asked you to lend him some money.

d) Dan asked me to lend him some money.

12. “Have you seen her before?” he asked.

a) He asked if he has seen her before.

b) He asked if he had seen before.

c) He asked if you have seen her before.

d) He asked me if I had seen her before.

13. “It’s pouring with the rain,” he said.

a) He said that it was pouring with the rain.

b) He said it is pouring with the rain.

c) He said that it poured with the rain.

d) He said it was poured with the rain.

14. “It’ll be a very difficult time for all of us,” they agreed.

a) They agreed it would be a very difficult time for all of us.

b) They agreed it will be a very difficult time for all of them.

c) They agreed it would be a very difficult time for all of them.

d) They agreed it will be a very difficult time for all of us.

15. “Must we read this book all lesson?” we asked.

a) We asked if they must read this book all lesson.

b) We asked if we had to read that book all lesson.

c) We asked if we must read that book all lesson.

d) We asked if they had read that book all lesson.