21. 41.Negro slavery In America

The majority of people of African descent in the United States are descended from enslaved Africans

The slave trade was brutal and horrific. 400 years, the slave trade forced migration of 12 million Africans from their homelands.

The first African slaves came to Massachusetts from West Indies in 1638. The English did not plan to establish the institution of slavery. It developed gradually. Africans made better slaves. They were completely cut off their homeland. The transatlantic slave trade was central to the development of the European colonial economies the Americas. It was also central to the development of the modern world as we know it. It lit economies of four continents into an Atlantic world economy. The trading activities took place stages. The ships left ports along the western European seaboards laden with trade goods bound for Spain and Portugal. From Africa they transported captured Africans across the Atlantic for sale to America.From the Americas the ships carried goods to European ports.

Enslaved Africans worked on sugar, tobacco, cotton, coffee, and rice plantations. Where ery existed, slaves ran away.50, 000 enslaved Africans ran away each year in the American Soui the Civil War. They disappeared in free black communities in the South, the North, and abroad. Others settled in

Native American communities and became actively involved in the anti-slavery struggle.

Others ran away and created new 'maroon' communities where they set up their own systems of government and led their own lives.

Slave societies repeatedly passed laws prohibiting blacks to have their own property. Enslaved Africans and free blacks organized businesses - pharmacies, jewelry stores, and printing establishments.

Among them there are many famous inventors. Garret Morgan, Luis Latimer,Jan Matzeliger,Madam Walker .

After slavery was abolished one of the priorities was to locate lost family members. Free blacks undations of black institutional life in the Americas. They founded numerous churches, library, literary journals and black newspapers. During slavery the dominant form of education available to enslaved Africans was apprenticeships.first schools were established in Charleston and New York City .The NY African Free School,founded in 1787, trained some of the principle black leaders of the 19th c. Lincoln University

Enslaved Africans on board slave ships were frequently forced to dance

Dancing was a kind of exercise, which helped keep the enslaved

Healthy during the Middle Passage voyage. This daily ritual became one of the African-based expressive cultures in the New World. Africans in Americas built their religious and secular rituals, festivals

21. 42. Famous Britons. Isaac Newton

Newton, one of the greatest scientists of all times was born in 1642 in the little village in Lincolnshire, England. His father was a farmer and died before Newton was born. His mother was a clever woman whom he always loved.

After the school, Newton studied mathematics at Cambridge university and received his degree in 1665. Then the university was closed because of the danger of plague and Newton went home for eighteen months. It was most important period in his life when he made his three great discoveries — the discoveries of the differential calculuses, of the nature of white light, and of the law of gravitation.

These discoveries are still important for the modern science. Newton had always been interested in the problems of light. Many people saw colours of a rainbow but only Newton showed, by his experiments, that white light consists of these colours.

It is interesting how he discovered the law gravitation. Once, as he sat at the garden, his attention was drawn by the fall of an apple. Many people saw such an usual thing before. But it was Newton who asked himself a question: «Why does that apple fall perpendicularly to the ground? Why doesn't it go sidewards or upwards?” The answer to this question was the theory of gravitation, discovered by Newton.

Newton died at the age of 84, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, where his monument stands today.