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14. 27. The Union Jack

This is the popular name given to the flag of the United Kingdom. Usually it is called the Flag and it consists of several flags.

It all began in 1603, when Scotland was joined to England and Wales. The Scottish Flag, St. Andrew's Cross, blue with a white cross from corner to corner, was joined to the English Flag, St. George's Cross, white with a red cross. The flag of St. George can still be seen on churches in England today.

Later, in 1801, the Irish Flag of St. Patrick's Cross was added, white with a red cross from corner to corner.

In this way the British people got the Union Flag, which is red, white and blue. King James I (1566-1625) ordered the British Hag to be flown on the main mast of all British ships, except on ships-of-war. Here the flag was flown at the front of the ships, on what was called the bowsprit.

The end of the bowsprit was called the Jack Star and so we get the name of Union Jack. A "jack", by the way, is an old word lor a "sailor".

15. 29. Pubs in gb

Pub is a peculiarly English institution, and beer is the national drink. The rooms in the pub are called the "public bar" and the "saloon bar". They have two entrances. At the bar people will be standing ith a drink and sip from time to time - for Englishmen sip their drinks. The saloon bar is more comfortable. There is a general atmosphere of warmth and cosiness. In the bar of every English pub there is a dart-Doard. The game of darts is a traditional English game. Here people don't drop in; they tend to "make an evening of it". They stand or sit, glass in hand, talking to friends until closing time. The landlord cries:" Time, gentlemen, please!" usually at half past ten.

English pubs are famous throughout the world. You can go to a pub in England when you are 14, but an adult must go in with you. You can drink only soft drinks like Coca-Cola. You must wait until you are 18 if you want to drink alcohol.

The oldest pub in England is The Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham, excavated in the 12th century. The hey-day of the pub as the center of social life in a locality has passed. Television is a strong competitor but "the pub" will continue to accommodate itself to the times.

The latest development in their long history is the "museum pub". The newest museum pub is The Railway Tavern in Liverpool Street. The Yorker in Piccadilly is not only a pub but also a museum with nostalgic sights in handsome prints and paintings.

Evening classes are flourishing immensely. Many people attend classes connected with their hobbies such as painting, folk-dancing, dog training, cake decoration etc.

Dancing is popular, and the dance halls are an important element in the folklore and courtsh procedures. They are visited mainly by young unmarried people. Girls tend to go in-groups and the young men alone. Most of the dancers go home as they came but some may regard themselves as "going steady”

Bingo is a gambling game in which players have numbered cards on which they cover the numbers as they are called on a wheel. The first player to complete his card wins the "jackpot", part of the money staked by players for their cards. Since the Betting Act of 1961 made the Bingo halls possible four of five British adults gamble in some way.

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