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4.1. Pay attention to the usage of the following words and word combinations. Give their Russian equivalents:

put to work; way;

unconditional liability; to be liable;

typically;

print on the front; seller; redemption date; since;

to be subject to;

tax on;

to be popular; as little as;

as much as; difference; printed promise; definite;

state government; lend;

interest rate.

4.2. Translate into English using the words and word com-binations from the text:

1. Капиталовложения — это деньги, которые пускаются в дело, чтобы принести еще деньги. 2. Поместить деньги на сбе-регательный счет — самый простой способ вложения денег. 3. Облигация представляет собой безусловное обязательство организации, которая выпустила эту облигацию. 4. Если орга-низация выпускает облигации, она обязуется погасить их в установленный срок. 5. Каждая облигация имеет номинальную стоимость, которая указана на сертификате облигации. 6. Дата погашения этих облигаций — 1 февраля. 7. Подлежат ли про-центы по этим облигациям местному налогу? 8. Он сказал, что процентная ставка по этим облигациям — всего 20 %. 9. Налог на проценты по этим облигациям составляет целых 12 %. 10. Номинальная стоимость облигации — это сумма, которую организация, выпускающая облигации, обязуется вернуть по-купателю. 11. Самые надежные облигации — это государ-ственные и муниципальные облигации. 12. Говорят, что про-мышленные облигации обычно приносят более высокие про-центы, чем муниципальные, но они менее надежны. 13. Я все-гда вкладываю свои деньги в ценные бумаги.

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5. INVESTMENTS. STOCKS

Text 5

Read the text and answer the questions:

1. What are the main differences between bonds and stocks? 2. How are dividends distributed?

3. Why do people invest in stock?

4. What is the disadvantage of investing in stock compared with investing in bonds?

5. Why stock is not an unconditional liability? 6. What does the rate of dividends depend on?

7. What happens if the company does not make profit? 8. What is the stated dividend rate?

9. What advantage do preferred stocks have over common stocks?

10. What rights does common stock give to its holder?

11. How many votes does a stockholder have at the meetings of his / her company?

12. What is safety of an investment? 13. What is liquidity of an investment? 14. What is rate of return?

STOCKS

Another way of investing money is stocks. Investing in stocks is quite different from investing in bonds. When you invest in bonds, you lend money. When you invest in stock, you become a part owner of a firm. If a business is profitable, part of the prof-its may be distributed among the stockholders proportionally to the number of stocks they own.

Stocks are popular with many people because they are at-tracted by the chance of earning a high rate of return. But the risk of losing your savings invested in stocks is usually greater with stocks than with bonds. Bonds are an unconditional liability whereas stocks are not. This means that a company must pay its bondholders the rate of interest promised regardless of whether its business has been profitable or not and before it can pay any dividends to stockholders.

The dividend rate on stock, however, changes up and down depending on whether the company has been profitable or not. If

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there is not enough money left to pay dividends, or if the general meeting of the company on the proposal of the Board of Directors decides to use the money earned for business expansion, stock-holders might get nothing back from their investment. On the other hand, if the corporation does well and the Board of Direc-tors declares dividends, the stockholders can get a lot in divi-dends.

There are two major classes of stocks issued by corpora-tions — preferred and common stocks. Preferred stock has priori-ty over common stock in the payment of dividends. A preferred stockholder, for example, is paid first if profits are used to pay any stock dividends. The dividends paid to preferred stockholders are usually limited to a certain rate, which is indicated on the stock certificate. Preferred stock is less risky than common stock.

Common stock provides ownership in a stock company and a share of its profits. Common stockholders are eligible to vote at the general meetings to determine the strategy of the company. On a show of hands every stockholder has one vote for every stock he / she owns. Common stock, however, has no stated divi-dend rate. Common stockholders only receive dividends after preferred stockholders receive their share of dividends. Yet, if the profits of a company are large, the common stockholders may receive more in dividends than preferred stockholders.

In selecting stocks to purchase, you need to determine for yourself, which of these factors are most important for your per-sonal investment plan: safety, liquidity or rate of return? If you buy stocks of a company with good business record, your invest-ment can be very safe, i. e. you can be sure that the money you have invested will be returned to you but the profit it earns might be low.

On the other hand, an investment can earn you a very high rate of return but might not be liquid. In other words, if you need money right away, you may find it difficult to turn your invest-ment into cash quickly. You should be aware that no single in-vestment can give you the highest possible rate of return and still be very liquid and safe.

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