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3.1. Match English words from the text (1–8) with their Russian equivalents (a–р):

1) research

a) конкуренция

2) demand

b) предпочтение

3) competition

c) деятельность

4) preference

d) исследование

5) selection

e) предложение

6) activities

f) выбор

7) supply

g) спрос

8) purpose

h) цель

3.2. Complete the article using the words in bold. There are two words which you don’t need to use:

marketing strategies, advantage, competitors, market seg-mentation, sales promotion, target market, marketing mix, submar-kets, marketing programme, buying habits, marketing opportuni-ties, consumer needs, marketing effort, long-term demand

Companies are always looking for (1) … — possibilities of filling unsatisfied needs in areas in which they are likely to enjoy a differential (2) …, due to their particular competencies. Marketing opportunities are generally isolated by (3) … — dividing a market into (4) … or segments according to customers’ requirements or (5) … Once a target market has been identified, a company has to decide what goods or services to offer always remembering the ex-istence of (6) …

Marketers do not only identify (7) …, they can anticipate them by developing new products. They will then have to design (8) … and plan marketing programmes, and then organize, imple-ment, and control the (9) … Once the basic offer, for example a product concept, has been established, the company has to think about the (10) … — the set of all the various elements of a (11) …, their integration, and the amount of effort that a company can ex-pend on them in order to influence the (12) …

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3.3. Read the sentences, translating words in bold into Eng-lish:

1. The basis of annual-plan control is managerial objectives, specific goals, such as продажи и прибыль.

2. Companies can express their market share by comparing their own sales to общие продажи рынка, sales within the market segment, or sales of the segment’s top competitors.

3. Marketing expense-to-sales analysis shows how much a company spends to достигнуть its sales goals.

4. The ratio of рыночных расходов to sales is expected to fluctuate, and companies usually establish an acceptable range for this ratio.

5. Сompanies measure customer satisfaction as a средство отслеживания goal achievement.

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