МАТЕРІАЛИ ДЛЯ ПРАКТИЧНИХ ЗАНЯТЬ

З АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ

ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТІВ 1-ГО КУРСУ

ВСІХ СПЕЦІАЛЬНОСТЕЙ

(2-Й СЕМЕСТР)

Unit 1

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF UKRAINE

activity 1. LEARN THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH WORDS.

1. Urban - городской

2. Boundary - граница

3. Lowlands - низменности

4. Consumer goods - потребительские товары

5. Uplands - возвышенности

6. Steppes - степи

7. Plains - равнины

8. Highlands - высокогорье

9. Lakes - озера

10. Rural - сельский

11. Tributary - приток

12. Soils - почвы

13. Deposits - залежи полезных ископаемых

14. Mouth - устье реки

15. Density - плотность населения

activity 2. read the following texts and do the activities that follow.

Geographical position of Ukraine

Ukraine is a sovereign state whose independence was declared in 1991. Before that it was one of the republics of the USSR. The name Ukraine is of Slavic origin and is connected genetically with the word "Ukraine" which originally meant "borderland".

Ukraine is situated in the south-eastern part of Central Europe, and it borders on other European countries: Russia, Byelorus, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Moldova and Romania. The territory of our country is about 600,000 square kilometres. It is slightly larger than France, much larger than Great Britain but considerably smaller than the USA and Russia. The population of our country is about 42 million people. If we compare it with Great Britain which has 54 million people, we'll see that the density of population in Ukraine is much less. 68% of the population is urban, and 32% is rural. Not only Ukrainians live in our country. There are also Russians, Jews, Byelorussians, Moldovans, Rumanians, Greeks, Tatars, Poles, Hungarians, Armenians, Germans, Gypsies and some other ethnic minorities.

The territory of Ukraine is mostly a level treeless plain, called the steppe. Ukraine is not a mountain­ous country, though there are Crimean Mountains in the Crimean Peninsula and the Carpathian Moun­tains in the west of the country; both not very high. The Carpathians are the only mountainous natural boundary of Ukraine. Mountains cover only 5% of the whole area of Ukraine. The second natural boundaries of Ukraine are the Black Sea and the Azov Sea.

The main river in the country is the Dnieper which is the third longest in Europe. One of the oldest Ukrainian cities, its capital Kyiv is situated on both sides of this wide and powerful river. The Dnieper has many tributaries which unify central Ukraine economically, connecting the Baltic coast countries with the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The mouth of another Ukrainian river, the Danube, provides an outlet for our country's trade to the Balkans, Austria and Germany. The Danube River connects Ukraine with 7 European countries. Other less important rivers of Ukraine are the Dniester, the Southern Bug, the Desna, the Prypyat, the Severskiy Donets and about 70 thousand small rivers.

Ukraine is not very rich in mineral resources but there are deposits of coal in the Greater Donbas (Donetsk Basin) and deposits of iron ore, gas, non-ferrous metals, oil, mineral salts and clay in other regions of Ukraine.

The biggest cities of Ukraine are Kyiv, Kharkiv, Lviv, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhiya, Donetsk, Odesa, Mikolaiv and some others. Main industrial enterprises are concentrated in and around them. They produce planes, turbines, different kinds of machines and equipment, and various consumer goods.

activity 3. Translate the following words into Ukrainian (Russian).

Sovereign state, Slavic origin, border on, population, compare, ethnic minorities, mountain­ous country, natural boundary, cover, capital, unify, connect, mineral resources, region, industrial enterprises, produce.

activity 4. decide which of these statements are true and which are false.

1. Ukraine is situated in the south-east of Europe.

2. It has only two natural borders.

3. Ukraine borders on 8 countries.

4. The territory of Ukraine is smaller than that of France but larger than Great Britain's.

5. Fewer people live in Ukraine than in Great Britain.

6. More people live in the country than in the city.

7. The Crimean Peninsula with its mountains is in the west of the country.

8. There are deposits of iron ore in Donetsk Basin.

9. The main rivers of Ukraine are important trade routes.

activity 5. Answer the foolowing questions.

1. When was the independense of Ukraine declared?

2. Where is Ukraine situated?

3. How big is the territory of our country?

4. Characterize the population of Ukraine.

5. Which landscapes can be found on the territory of Ukraine?

6. What Ukrainian rivers do you know?

7. What mineral resources are deposited on the territory of Ukraine?

8. List our biggest cities and their role for the countries’ economy.

Unit 2

Economy and industry in ukraine

activity 1. LEARN THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH WORDS.

1. investments - инвестиции

2. ore - руда

3. extraction - добыча

4. rock salt - каменная соль

5. coke - кокс

6. mercury - ртуть

7. potassium salts - соли калия

8. natural sulfur - натуральная сера

9. Subcarpathia - Прикарпатье

10. crops - зерно

11. sugar beets - сахарная свекла

12. barley - ячмень

13. buckwheat - гречиха

activity 2. read the following text and do the activity which follows it.

Economy and industry in Ukraine.

Ukraine's present-day economy was developed as an integral part of the larger economy of the So­viet Union. Ukraine has extremely rich and complementary mineral resources in high concentrations and close to each other. Rich iron ore reserves located near Kryvy Rih, Kremenchuk, Bilozerka, Mariupol, and Kerch form the basis of Ukraine's large iron and steel industry. One of the richest areas of manganese-bearing ores in the world is located near Nikopol. Bituminous and anthracite coal used for coke are mined in the Donets Coal Basin (commonly called Donbas). Energy for thermal power stations is ob­tained using the large reserves of brown coal in the Dnipro basin (north of Kryvy Rih) and the bitumi­nous coal deposits of the Lviv-Volhynian Basin north of Lviv.

Ukraine also has important deposits of titanium, bauxite and mercury ores. There are large deposits of potassium salt in Subcarpathia and rock salt in the Donets Coal basin. Some phosphorites and natural sulfur are also found in Ukraine.

Owing partly to rich soils and a favourable climate, Ukraine's crop production is highly developed. Its grain and potato output almost rivals that of France and our country is the world's largest producer of sugar beets. Besides wheat, Ukraine produces such grains as barley (mostly for animal feed), buckwheat and rice.

Cattle and pigs are raised throughout Ukraine, while chicken, geese and turkey are kept for meat and egg production. There are many large-scale broiler and egg-laying farms close to big cities. Bees are kept in all parts of Ukraine for honey and wax.

Industry

The industrial heartland of the country is the Donets Coal Basin. It is the most densely populated and highly industrialised region of the country and one of the world's major metallurgical and heavy indus­try complexes. The basin has large iron and steelworks, and plants that produce mining equipment, other types of heavy machinery and a variety of chemicals.

Ukraine has a major ferrous-metals industry, and it rivals China as the fourth largest steel producer in the world. Another important branch of the economy is mining. Its main products are coal, natural gas and iron ore. The most prominent manufactured goods include metallurgical equipment, diesel locomo­tives, tractors and TV sets. Ukraine also has well-developed chemical and food industries. There are more than 50 plants which produce a wide range of agricultural equipment. Machine-tool and instru­ment-manufacturing industries are also being developed. The growing importance of consumer goods is reflected in the increasing output of cameras, refrigerators, washing machines, etc. Some of the principal products of light industry are textiles, ready-made clothes and shoes.

Ukraine has a well-developed transportation system.

activity 3. Translate the following words into Ukrainian.

Iron ore reserves, steel industry, bituminous and anthracite coal, mine, thermal power stations, important deposits, the Donets Coal basin, rich soils, favourable climate, crop production, the world's largest producer, the industrial heartland, highly industrialised region, metallurgical and heavy indus­try, the largest steel producer, branch of the economy, manufactured goods, well-developed chemical and food industries, plants, machine-tool, the growing importance, consumer goods, the increasing output, the principal products, light industry, transportation system.

activity 3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Ukraine produces as much grain and potatoes as France.

2. Ukraine's most important industrial crop is such grains as wheat, rye and barley.

3. Major metallurgical and heavy industry complexes are located in the Donets Coal Basin.

4. Ukraine takes the fourth place in the world production of ferrous metals.

5. Ukraine has no important deposits of titanium, bauxite and mercury ores.

6. Bituminous and anthracite coal used for coke are mined in the Donets Coal Basin.

7. Our country is the world's largest producer of sugar beets.

8. Bees are kept in all parts of Ukraine mostly for animal feed.

activity 5. Answer the foolowing questions.

1. What mineral resources are located in Ukraine and where?

2. Why is crop production highly developed in Ukraine?

3. What domestic animals are raised throughout Ukraine?

4. Where is the industrial heartland of the country situated?

5. What are the main industries of Ukraine?

Unit 3

The political system of ukraine

activity 1. read the following texts by yourself.

The political system of Ukraine

Ukraine is a sovereign state whose independence was declared on August 24, 1991. Before that it was one of the 15 republics of the former Soviet Union. The country has a democratic political system which means that its executive branch is headed by the president with strong powers, and its legislative branch is represented by a national parliament.

Ukraine's parliament, called Verkhovna Rada (the Supreme Council), is the nation's law-making body. It has one chamber consisting of 450 members who are elected by voters at general elections to a five-year term. Every citizen of Ukraine over 18 has the right to vote in the elections.

Judicial power in Ukraine is represented by the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court.

The president is elected to a five-year term. The president is assisted by a Cabinet of Ministers whose responsibilities lie in the areas of foreign affairs, home policy, economy, science and technology, industry, law. The Cabinet is headed by the Prime Minister who is appointed by the president and approved by the majority of the Parliament.

In other words, it is possible to say that state power in Ukraine is based on the division of authority into legislative, executive and judicial branches, and Ukraine can be called a country with a parliamen­tary-presidential form of government.

Administratively Ukraine is divided into 24 regions, called "oblasty". Crimea, which is also part of our country, has a special status of an autonomous, self-governing republic. Each region has its local government bodies which are responsible to the Cabinet of Ministers and the President.

Unit 4

Capital of ukraine

activity 1. LEARN THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH WORDS.

1. Monks - монахи

2. Caves - пещеры

3. Ravines – рвы, овраги

4. to erect - возводить

activity 2. read the following texts and answer the questions that follow it.

Kyiv - the capital of Ukraine.

The founding of the city

Like any other ancient city Kyiv was born on the bank of a river. It happened more than 2000 years ago. The beautiful old legend about the foundation of Kyiv tells about the three brothers — Kyi, Shchek and Khoriv and their sister Lybid, who sailing down the Dnieper saw the picturesque green banks and thought that this place would be perfect for a new city. They settled there and named the place Kyiv after the eldest brother. Kyiv grew larger and larger; it attracted many people from other cities, towns and villages. In the 9th century with the establishment of Kyivan Rus, Kyiv became its capital.

Historical sights

In the 10th century Prince Volodymyr the Great expanded the city, and his son Yaroslav the Wise ordered many beautiful churches to be built, including the famous St. Sofia's Cathedral (1037). At the same time the first monks settled in the caves on the steep left banks of the Dnieper, giving the beginning to Kyivo-Pecherska Lavra. It was an outstanding cultural centre of Kyivan Rus where many famous people lived and worked.

Another famous place in Kyiv is the Golden Gates which were one of the entrances to the city in ancient times and were usually opened to welcome very important guests. Now it has been turned into an interesting museum where you can wander around and imagine yourself in medieval Kyiv.

Opposite St. Sofia's Cathedral there is an impressive monument to Bohdan Khmelnitsky, the 17th century outstanding Ukrainian statesman and military leader who played an important part in Ukrai­nian history. If you walk up Shevchenko Boulevard you will be amazed by the beauty of Volodymyr Cathedral. In Andreivskiy Spusk your attention will be attracted by Rasstrelli's master­piece — Andreyvska Church and Mykhaylo Bulgakov's readers will find his museum just round the corner from the church.

Where to go and what to see in Kyiv

Khreshchatyk, the beautiful many-faced, brightly-lit main street of Kyiv, hasn't always been like this. Originally it was Khreschata Dolyna covered with forests and ravines. At the beginning of the 19th century the first wooden houses were built there, later stone buildings were erected. Practically all of them were ruined during the Great Patriotic War but later were restored by the Kyivites. The street leads to Independence Square, the main square of Kyiv which now together with Khreschatyk, is the favourite place for entertainment for the citizens and guests of the city.

Museum lovers will find hundreds of beautiful exhibits in the Museum of Ukrainian Fine Arts whose 21 galleries contain valuable collections of Ukrainian icons, pictures and sculptures from the 14th to the 20th century. Another rich collection of pictures and sculptures can be seen in the Russian Arts Museum, which is the third largest after those of Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Theatre-goers will never be bored in Kyiv as there are theatres to all tastes: the Taras Shevchenko National Opera and Ballet House with wonderful singers and dancers, the Ivan Franko Ukrainian Drama Theatre, the Lesya Ukrainka Russian Drama Theatre, the Tchaikovsky Conservatory, the Kyiv Philhar­monic Society, the Musical Drama Theatre and many others.

Kyiv has always been a very important scientific, educational and cultural centre. Among the best known higher educational establishments there are Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Kyiv Poly­technic University, International Independent University "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy", Kyiv State Con­servatory and many others. Kyiv is the home of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences and hundreds of research institutes. It is also a huge industrial centre but the air in the capital does not seem to be very polluted due to the nearness of the river and plenty of greenery.

activity 3. Translate the following words into Ukrainian (Russian).

Ancient city, foundation, perfect, settle, named after, attract, village, the establishment, beautiful churches, an outstanding cultural centre, famous people, to welcome, an impressive monument, statesman, master­piece, wooden houses, restore, the main square, entertainment, the citizens, exhibits, rich collection, theatre-goers, important scientific, educational and cultural centre, higher educational establishments, research institute, huge industrial centre.

activity 4. Answer the following questions.

Have you ever been to Kyiv? If yes, when?

How long did you stay there?

Why did you go there?

Do you have any relatives or friends living in Kyiv?

What did you do there?

What places of interest did you visit?

Which of them impressed you most of all?

Can you say that you have seen all places of interest in Kyiv?

Would you like to go to Kyiv again? What would you like to see?

If you haven't been to Kyiv, can you say that you would like to go there? What would you like to see?

If you are a theatre-goer which of Kyiv's theatres would you like to go to and why?

Which of Kyiv's museums do you want to visit? Why?

Which parts of Kyiv are you interested in more: the old or the modern one?

If you go to Kyiv, will you visit Kyivo-Pecherska Lavra? Yes/No? Why?

Unit 5

Important historical events of ukraine

activity1. read the following text by yourself.

Kyivan Rus

The formation of the Kyivan state that began in the middle of the IXth century, the role in this process of Varangians (the Norsemen), and the origin of the name Rus by which this state came to be known, have frequently been disputed by historians. However, it is clear that the formation of the state was connected with developments in international trade and the importance of Kyiv, which stood at a strategic place in the Dnipro route from the Baltic to Byzantium. The trade along this route was controlled by Varangian merchant-warriors, and the first Kyivan princes came from them, but were very soon slavicized. In the early chronicles the Varangians were also called Rus, and this name was used to refer to the Kyivan region, and later to the whole territory ruled by the members of the Kyivan dynasty.

By the end of the 10th century, Kyivan Rus covered a vast area, from the edge of the open steppe (in modern Ukraine) as far north as Lake Ladoga and the upper Volga basin. Like other medieval states, it was not governed by one ruler but consisted of several principalities, each having its own prince. Kyiv became most important in the reigns of Prince Volodymyr the Great and his son Yaroslav the Wise.

In 988 Prince Volodymyr (also called the Red Sun) adopted Christianity as the religion of his state and had the inhabitants of Kyiv baptized in the Dnipro River. In this way Kyivan Rus entered Byzantium (later Orthodox) religion and culture. With new religion came new forms of architecture, art and music, a written language (Church Slavonic) and the beginning of a literary culture. Yaroslav the Wise adopted the first code of laws and promoted culture and education. He was a very wise politician and had friendly relations with most European rulers, often through marriages of his sons and daughters. He himself was married to a Swedish princess. With Yaroslav's death Kyivan Rus entered a long period of decline with only one short break for peaceful life under the rule of Volodymyr II Monomakh in the 12th century. The trade route along the Dnipro River became less important for the European nations and the wars with Polovtsians and then the Mongol invasion in the 12th century undermined Kyivan Rus both politi­cally and economically.

The Cossacks

In the 15th century a new martial society, the Cossacks (from the Turkish Kazak which meant "a free man"), was beginning to form on Ukraine's southern steppe frontier. At the beginning, local people only the men who came to the steppe for hunting, fishing and honey gathering were called Cossacks. But soon those men were joined by peasants who had run from serfdom, and by noble adventurers. Those people joined together for mutual protection and by the middle of the 16th century the Cossaks turned into a military organisation with a peculiar democracy. Their supreme authority was a general assembly called "Rada" and it had elected officers and a commander-in-chief, called "hetman". The centre of the Cossack community was the Sich, an armed camp in the lands of the lower Dnipro River, "beyond the rapids" —zaporohy, which gave the name to Zaporizhiya.

The Cossacks defended people on the Ukraine's southern frontier from Tatar invasion and held their own raids into the Crimean territory and even as far as the coastal Turkish cities in Anatolia. The Polish government of that time used the Cossacks as a fighting force in their wars with the Tatars, Turks and Muscovites, but during peaceful times looked at them as dangerous and violent people. The government tried to control the Cossacks and limit their freedoms but this only led to revolts that were put down with great difficulty.

Unit 6

activity 1. LEARN THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH WORDS.

1. Confluence - место слияния

2. Settlement - поселение

3. ancient - древний; старинный, старый

4. believe - верить

5. neighbour - сосед; соседка

6. to escape - избежать (опасности и т.п.) , спастись

7. persecution - гонение, преследование

8. fortifications - укрепления

9. moat - ров (с водой)

10. swamp - болото, топь

11. to refill - наполнять снова

12. siege - осада

13. brewery - пивоваренный завод

14. unstable - нестабильный

15. grief - горе, печаль

16. landmark - достопримечательность

17. destructive - разрушительный

18. to suffer - страдать; испытывать

19. slavery - тяжёлый труд, рабство

20. Horn of plenty - рог изобилия

21. Mercury wand - жезл Меркурия

Activity 2. read the following texts and do the activities that follow them.

The First Capital

The beginning of the 20th century was probably the most difficult and unstable period in the history of Ukraine in general and Kharkiv in particular. The Russian revolutions and the Civil war were real dramatic events which separated people into Reds and Whites and brought much grief to both sides. In 1919 Soviet power was established in Ukraine, and Kharkiv became its first capital. Until 1934 the city was the main political, administrative, scientific and cultural centre of Ukraine. A lot of new plants were built there (for example, the Kharkiv Tractor Building Plant), and new educational establishments, libraries and museums were opened. One of Kharkiv's landmarks — Gosprom (the House of State Industry) was designed as the first high-rise building in the country and finished in 1928. Another impressive building on the present Independence Square that was erected at that time is Kharkiv National University.

The pre-war period in Kharkiv was not only a constructive but also a destructive one as many beau­tiful churches were pulled down in the anti-religious campaign. The older citizens of Kharkiv regretfully recollect the beautiful Nikolsky Cathedral that used to stand at the place where «Dzerkalna Struya» («The Mirror Flow»), one of the symbols of Kharkiv, is situated now and the fine St. Michael's Church that stood in the modern Uritsky Square.

1941—1950s

During the Great Patriotic War, Kharkiv and its citizens suffered greatly. Practically all the industrial enterprises were evacuated to Siberia, and there was no work and no food in Kharkiv and region. Most of the houses were destroyed; many people were taken to slavery in Germany, or killed by the fascists in Sarzhin Yar and other places in and around Kharkiv. After the members of Kharkiv Underground organi­zation blew up the German Headquarters on November 14, 1941,250 peaceful citizens were shot and several others were hung on the balconies of the hotel in Dzerzhinsky Square and on the lamp posts along Sumska Street, In 1942 and 1943 there were fierce battles around Kharkiv and practically every inch of our soil was soaked with blood. If you walk in the woods and forests around Kharkiv, you will still see a lot of trenches left since that time and there is always a danger of finding old ammunition. Kharkiv was finally liberated on 23 August 1943, and this day is one of the most important holidays for the people of the city.The post-war period was extremely difficult for Kharkiv as its people had to reconstruct not only the houses but also the huge industrial sector completely destroyed by the war. It was only in 1950 that the reconstruction was finished and all Kharkiv plants started to work.

The Present Day of Kharkiv

Nowadays Kharkiv is proud of its newly reconstructed streets and buildings, its well-planned under­ground (whose first line opened in 1975), its 26 educational establishments and 6 theatres, 4 big muse­ums and numerous art galleries, its libraries (the biggest of which are the Korolenko and the National University Libraries), its brightly-lit shops and huge markets. Despite the economic crisis that Indepen­dent Ukraine is undergoing now, most of Kharkiv's 250 plants and factories continue to work producing planes, tractors, turbines, electrical generators, different machines and tools, medicines, textile, medical, military and space equipment, food products and many other consumer goods. 1,716 Kharkiv enter­prises trade with 105 countries of the world.Kharkiv is an important administrative centre that coordinates the activity of several region centres. Kharkiv has its own city emblem — the Horn of Plenty with fruit and flowers in it arid the Mercury Wand entwined (girded) by silvery snakes. Kharkiv has several sister-cities: Cincinnati in the USA, Nurnburg in Germany, Lil in France. Sister-cities exchange delegations and mutually enrich each other in cultural, intellectual and other respects. Kharkiv is also a significant transport centre with several railway and bus stations and an international airport.Kharkiv has always been a city of students. The main higher educational establishments are Kharkiv National University named after V.N. Karazin, Kharkiv Polytechnic University, Kharkiv University of Radio-Electronics named after Yangel, Kharkiv Aviation Institute and many others.

Activity 2. Translate the sentences, using the vocabulary.

1. The city lies at the confluence of three rivers.

2. We very often return to the writings of the ancients.

3. Christians believe in God and Jesus.

4. Two criminals escaped from prison last night.

5. He lived in the castle when the French sieged it.

6. We ride past the Kremlin and other historic landmarks.

7. He suffers from headaches.

8. The gopher is very plenty on the west side of Mississippi.

9. The Rock of Gibraltar is one of Europe's most famous landmarks.

Activity 3. Find explanations of the words.

confluence settlement ancient believe

neighbour to escape landmark destructive

fortifications swamp brewery suffer

unstable grief the junction of two rivers

1. Experience or be subjected to (something bad or unpleasant)

2. Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence

3. a place, where people establish a community

4. a person living next door to or very near to the speaker or person referred to

5. Accept the statement of (someone) as true

6. a defensive wall or other reinforcement built to strengthen a place against attack

7. a deep, wide ditch surrounding a castle, fort, or town, typically filled with water and intended as a defense against attack

8. an area of low-lying, uncultivated ground where water collects; a bog or marsh

9. Break free from confinement or control

10. a place, where people establish a community

11. prone to change, fail, or give way; not stable

12. Deep sorrow, esp. that caused by someone's death

13. an object or feature of a landscape or town that is easily seen and recognized from a distance

14. Causing great and irreparable harm or damage

15. a place where beer is made commercially.

Unit 7

Activity 1. read the following text by yourself.

Kharkiv

A Look into the Past

Kharkiv is the second largest city of Ukraine after Kyiv. According to some historic documents the city was founded as a Cossack Fortress at a strategically important place on the confluence of the rivers Kharkiv, Udy, Lopan and Nemyshlya in 1654. Though now archaeologists say that there was probably a more ancient Scynthian settlement on this place long before that time. The origin of the city's name is still a mystery. There are at least two versions why the city was named so, but none of them is proved by documents. Some historians say that it came from the river whose name was already recorded on the Russian maps in 1627; others believe that it came from the name of a rich peasant Khariton, who was called Kharko by his neighbours.

The first written document about the city dates back to 1653 and gives the name list of 20 families (587 adults) who settled on the bank of the River Kharkiv, having run from Poland, to escape the perse­cution of Polish landowners. A year later a big group of Cossacks headed by Voivode Seliphontov came to Kharkiv and began to built military fortifications on one of the hills over the river Kharkiv to defend southern Russian borders from the Crimean Tatars. The wooden fortress had ten towers and was sur­rounded by a double wall, a deep moat, swamps, forests and rivers. Many underground passages led to the rivers Kharkiv and Lopan, which allowed people to refill the water and food supplies in case of a siege. Later Voivode Seliphontov was appointed the first governor of Kharkiv by the Russian Tsar Alexey Michailovich, the father of Peter I.The strongly fortified settlement attracted people from nearby villages and they settled in and around Kharkiv, looking for protection and trade. In this way new suburbs, called sloboda appeared. Their names showed their location or trade, for example, Zalopanska clearly defined where it was situated, and Goncharivka stated that its dwellers made and sold pottery. The first streets in Kharkiv started to appear in the second half of the 17th century. Part of them were roads that led to other cities like Moscovska (which was the very first big road), then Sumska, Belgorodska, Zmiyivska and later Ekaterinoslavska (now Poltavsky Shlyakh). Others informed the citizens where they had to go to buy something or to get something done, because workmen of one trade preferred to live together: Kotsarska — carpet makers, Chebotarska — shoe-makers, Rymarska — leather makers, Kuznetska — blacksmiths and so on.

First Things First

The first Kharkiv Church — Pokrovsky Cathedral was built in 1689. It was the first stone bulding (and the oldest surviving Kharkiv building at present) and was used both as a place of worship and as a watch tower. The beginning of the 18th century witnessed the first steps in Kharkiv's cultural and educational development: the first Slavonic-Greek-Latin school (later turned into Kharkiv Collegium) where Grigory Skovoroda taught, the first library in Kharkiv, the first factories and breweries, the first public school for boys (the first girls' school was opened half a century later), the first printing house and the first theatre.

The Present Continuous Tense

1. Herb is looking through the window. He can see different things outside. Write sentences using the words given.

Example: bird/fly in the sky – A bird is flying in the sky.

1. children/play in the yard ________________

______________________________________________

2. cat/climb a tree ________________________

_______________________________________________

3. girl/read a book ________________________

_______________________________________________

4. boys/fight ____________________________

_______________________________________________

5. dog/eat a bone _________________________

_______________________________________________

6. woman/cross the street __________________

_______________________________________________

7. boy/ride a bike ________________________

_______________________________________________

2. David is showing some family photos to his friends. He is making some comments. Write what he is saying using the Present Continuous Tense.

1. It’s Sunday morning and my family is on the beach. I ____________________ (sllep) under a sun – umbrella. My wife ____________________ (not/sleep), she _________________ (read) a book. My sister ____________________ (swim) in the sea. And her son, Alberto, ______________________ (play) with a ball.

2. It’s noon now and we are still on the beach. Alberto ____________________ (run) after a dog. My sister ________________ (call) him. My wife and I __________________ (drink) some Coke. Our cat ___________________ (eat) fish.

3. It’s Sunday afternoon and we _____________________ (enjoy) our picnic. I _______________________ (eat) a sandwich. My sister ___________________ (not/eat) anything because she is on a diet. Alberto ______________________ (feed) birds. We ___________________ (have) a wonderful day.

3. The information given in the sentences is wrong. Correct it using the words in brackets.

Example: Father is talking on the phone. (have coffee) – Father isn’t talking on the phone, he is having coffee.

1. The boys are watching TV. (play chess) _________________________________________

2. Mother is sleeping. (wash up) ______________________________________________

3. Arthur is writting a letter. (read a book) _______________________________________________

4. Sue is listening to music. (tidy up the room) _______________________________________________

5. Grandma is knitting. (feed the cat) _______________________________________________

6. The baby is crying. (sleep) _______________________________________________

4. People are very curious sometimes. They like asking additional questions. Try to do it now.

Example: Bob is reading. – What is he reading?

1. Sue is watching a film. What film _______________________________________________

2. I am eating. What ______________________

3. Angela is singing a song. What song ________

_______________________________________________

4. My daughter is painting. _________________

_______________________________________________

5. My wife is cooking. ____________________

_______________________________________________

6. My son is playing. ______________________

_______________________________________________

Present Simple or Present Continuous?

5. Fill in the blank spaces with one suitable verb in brackets.

Example: (play) Liz plays the piano well. She is playing it now.

1. (drive) My father _____________ to his office every day. He _______________ there now.

2. (rain) It ___________ today. It often _____________ in autumn.

3. (speak) He generally ________________ Greek, but he _________________ English today.

4. (make) Mother ______________ toast in the kitchen just now. She always ________________ toast for breakfast.

5. (set) the sun ________________ in the West. It ________________ now, and soon it will be dark.

6. (ring) The telephone bell ________________ again. It sometimes ________________ twenty times a day.

7. (do) John ________________ his homework now. He usually ___________________ it in the evening.

6. Fill in the blank spaces with the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1. Look! Jack ________________ (hide) behind the house.

2. Lucy often _________________ (forget) to do her homework.

3. This pupil often ________________ (bring) his pet rat to school.

4. I _________________ (study) Geography at the moment.

5. My elder brother never __________________( fight) with me.

6. She _________________ (write) on a piece of paper today, but usually she _________________ (write) in her notebook.

7. My nephew often _______________ (sing) in the bath.

8. The wind always _________________ (blow) hard in April and then children __________________ (fly) their kites.

9. Where’s Anne? – She __________________ (make) lunch in the kitchen.

10. Her grandson really ____________________ (know) a lot about computers.

11. My niece really ________________ (like) reading. She ___________________ (read) two or three books every month.

12. Sssh! The baby ____________________ (sleep).

7. These people are not working today. Say what they do in their jobs and what they are doing at the moment.

Example: Ray, a window cleaner/listen to the radio – Ray cleans window. He is listening to the radio at the moment.

1. Brian, a house builder/wash a car ______________________________________________

2. Alice, a music teacher/lie on a beach _______________________________________________

3. Jack and Tom, lorry drivers/play tennis ______________________________________________

4. Stephen, a photographer/jog in the park _______________________________________________

5. Jessica, a newsreader/read a love story _______________________________________________

6. Tony and Roger, car salesmen/watch TV _______________________________________________

7. Alan, a footballer/have lunch _______________________________________________

The Past Continuous Tense

8. What questions should be asked to get these answers?

Example: He was meeting his British colleagues when we saw him at the airport. - What was he doing when we saw him at the airport?

1. I was looking for my key when you came in. ____________________________________________

2. John was looking through the morning mail when his boss called him. ______________________

____________________________________________

3. I didn't answer the call because I was taking a shower. ____________________________________

4. We were just talking about your new ideas when you came in. ____________________________

____________________________________________

9. Yesterday there was a big bank robbery in a small town near London. There were a lot of people in the cafe opposite the bank. Write what they were doing at the time of the robbery.

Example: Sam and Judy/eat an apple pie - Sam and Judy were eating an apple pie.

1. Sharon/drink coffee _____________________

2. Basil/read the menu _____________________

3. Jack/play the piano _____________________

4. Jason and Marsha/sing ___________________

5. Some children/play hide and seek __________

_____________________________________________

Past simple or past continuous?

10. Fill in the blank spaces with the past simple or past continuous of the verb in brackets.

1. My brothers _______________ (swim) in the sea the other day, when they ____________________ (see) a shark.

2. While Tom _____________________ (cross) the street, he __________________ (stumble) and _______________ (fall).

3. While George ________________ (climb) a mountain last week, he _______________ (fall) and __________________ (break) his ankle.

4. When I _________________ (come) home yesterday evening, my husband _______________ (cook) something.

5. I _________________ (find) my old ring when I __________________ (dig) the garden yesterday.

6. While Nick ________________ (paint) the wall yesterday, the telephone __________________ (ring).

7. While my son _________________ (draw) a picture the other day, he ______________________ (break) his pencil.

8. I _______________ (read) the whole book last night while I ________________ (lie) in bed.

9. I __________________ (see) beautiful clouds while I ________________ (fly).

10. I _________________ (cut) my finger as I _____________ (make) a sandwich.

11. Suzy ___________________ (lose) her purse while she ____________________ (walk) in the park on Sunday.

12. As Tony _____________________ (shut) the door, the cat ________________ (come) in.

11. Fill in the blank spaces with the past simple or past continuous of the verb in brackets.

It was early morning and Hazel _______________ (walk¹) along the road with her little brother Jimmy when he ______________ (see²) beautiful flowers. Jimm ______________ (start³) trying to pick them up. The sun _______________ (shine⁴) and it was really hot. Jimmy was very tired and ______________ (want⁵) to have a little rest. So they____________ (stop⁶) under a tree. Jimmy _________________ (fall asleep⁷) immediately. While he _________________ (sleep⁸) Hazel ___________________ (read⁹) a magazine. When Jimmy __________________ (wake up ), they ________________ (start¹¹) for home. As they ________________ (walk¹²) back, they _______________ (meet¹³) their Auntie Jane. When they ________________ (get¹⁴) home, their mother ___________________ (give¹⁵) them some nice cakes to eat.

12. There was an earthquake at noon on Sunday. Write what these people were doing when the Earth shook and what they did then.

Example: Jason/watch TV/switch off — Jason was watching TV. Then he switched it off.

1. Betty/cook/have dinner

2. Jason's parents/have a row/forget about it ______________________________________________

3. The baby/play with its toys/start crying ______________________________________________

4. Michael/have a bath/get dressed ______________________________________________

5. Mary/read a book/close it _______________________________________________

6. Mary's sister/sleep/wake up _____________________________________________

7. Philip/iron/leave the house ______________________________________________

8. Sam's cousin/write a letter/go to her neighbour's ____________________________________

______________________________________________

9. Lucy/play the violin/phone her friend ______________________________________________

Modal Verbs, Can/Could

I can	I can’t (cannot)	Can I?
I could	I couldn’t (could not)	Could I?

13. Which of these things can you do and which can't you do?

Example: speak Chinese - / can't speak Chinese. climb trees –I can climb trees.

1. dance __________________________________

2. play the guitar ___________________________

3. play a musical instrument _________________

_____________________________________________

4. swim ____________________________________

5. play chess _______________________________

6. cook well ________________________________

7. do crosswords ____________________________

8. use a computer ___________________________

9. write with your left hand ___________________

10. drive a car ______________________________

11. ride a bike ______________________________

12. sing __________________________________

13. read in French __________________________

14. speak three foreign languages ____________

____________________________________________

15. swim under water_____________________

16. pilot a plane _______________________________

14. Which of these things could you do and which couldn't you do when you were 5?

Example: read - / could read when I was five.

speak French - / couldn't speak French when I was five.

1. write ________________________________

2. run quickly ___________________________

3. play a musical instrument _______________

____________________________________________

4. climb trees ___________________________

5. ride a bike ____________________________

6. fight ____________________________

7. sing ________

8. draw _______________________________

Modal Verbs. Should

I should do it.

I shouldn't (should not) do it.

Should I do it?

15. Will you give advice to the people who have these problems? Use the words given below.

go for a walk, see a dentist, have a sandwich, have some water, see a doctor, go on holiday, have a good rest, go to bed, take a cold shower, take off the clothes, listen to music, watch an interesting film, have some hot tea, relax, go to a disco, call your friends or relatives, take a pill, put on a sweater.

1. I have a toothache. __________________________

___________________________________________

2. I'm hungry. ____________________________

3. I'm thirsty. _____________________________

4. I feel sick. ______________________________

5. I feel exhausted. _________________________

6. I am tired. _______________________________

7. I feel sleepy. ____________________________

8. I am hot. _______________________________

9. I'm cold. _______________________________

10. I'm always late. ________________________

11. I'm depressed. ______________________

12. I'm bored. _________________________

16. There are different rules in different places. Write these rules about what you can or can't do and what you should or shouldn't do in these places. Use the given word combinations to make sentences.

Example: IN THE LIBRARY

You shouldn 't talk loudly.

You can borrow books.

You can't make notes in journals or books with a pencil.

IN THE LIBRARY - talk loudly - borrow books from the library - make notes in journals or books with a pencil - pay a membership fee - wear shorts and a T- shirt - wear a hat - smoke - bring your baby with me - listen to a quiet music - put on earphones if you want to listen to a tape	IN HOSPITAL - talk loudly - wear a hospital gown - use the shower - listen to music - use a mobile phone - watch TV - smoke - bring your own food - your relatives/visit you - your dog/visit you - go for a walk in the yard	IN THE PARK - walk on the grass - have a picnic - listen to a loud music - dance - smoke - sit on the grass - walk in a swimming-suit - drink beer
AT THE EXAM - use a dictionary - use your notes - ask questions - have some time to prepare - talk to your neighbour - go out to breathe in some fresh air - use your laptop computer - answer in English	AT THE PARTY - wear a black tie - bring your own bottle - bring a friend of yours - bring your dog - bring something to eat - introduce yourself when you come - take photos	IN THE ZOO - feed the animals - tease the animals - walk on the grass - have a picnic - have a family discount - sing songs loudly

1. In the library:______________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

2. In hospital: _______________________

________________________________________

_______________________________________________

3. IN THE PARK:________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

4. AT THE EXAM: _______________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

5. AT THE PARTY: _____________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

6. IN THE ZOO: _________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

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