Unit 1

Text A

What is Engineering

I Read and translate the text using the vocabulary

Ask a number of people what the word “engineering” conveys to them and you will be surprised at the differences in their answers.

The question is difficult to clarify in a few words, and precise definitions are difficult to find. Engineering is a profession concerned with the application of the universe to create devices, systems, and structures to satisfy the needs of mankind. This is a very general and not completely satisfactory definition.

The engineering courses fall in the general areas of mechanics of solids, properties of materials, mechanics of fluids, thermodynamics, electrical science, transfer and rate processes, and systems. Finally come the design courses which put it all together. It is this design discipline which exemplifies engineering in action, for it illustrates how engineers solve practical problems by applying their scientific knowledge and skills in the iterative decision-making process. This is how engineers adapt science to human needs.

The words scientist and engineer are frequently used interchangeably. In general, scientists are concerned with extending our knowledge about the fundamental laws of nature, while engineers apply these laws to practical problems.

Many engineers are conducting what might be called pure fundamental research, perhaps not directly associated with specific practical problems. The best we can do here is to recognize an ever-changing spectrum of activity ranging from the fundamental to the applied one. The range runs from pure science to engineering.

The implementation of engineering solutions is carried out by a variety of technicians who make, install, and maintain the so-called hardware itself, usually under some form of supervision. These people are often traditionally referred to as engineers, though today the word technician is more apt. Today the typical engineer is a college graduate, quite often with an advanced degree. He is engaged in some combination of research and engineering design or development or in other words with the creation of new things or the improvement of existing things. Central to his achievements is the process of design.

II Answer the following questions:

1. What is engineering as a problem?

2. What general areas do engineering courses fall in?

3. What are scientists and engineers concerned with?

4. Do engineers conduct fundamental research?

5. Who is the implementation of engineering carried out by?

6. What is an engineer engaged in?

7. Is the process of design in the centre of an engineer’s achievement?

III Match the words:

application - досягнення

device - створення

course - діяльність

design - створення

adapt - пристосовувати

law- закон

conduct- проводити

activity- курс

to be engaged – приймати участь

creation - закон

achievement – застосування

IV Translate into English:

визначення, тверде тіло, прилад, темп, застосувати, проводити, прикладний, встановлювати, удосконалення, досягнення, створення, дослідження, відноситися, фундаментальний, курс.

V Translate into Ukrainian:

apt, advanced, degree, development, adapt, associate, recognize, application, install, hardware, maintain, supervision, fluid, frequently, solution.

VI Translate into English:

1. Ви будете здивовані їх відповідями.

2. Це узагальнене і повністю відповідне пояснення (визначення).

3. Вчені займаються розширенням наших знань щодо основних законів природи.

4. Діяльність інженера знаходиться у спектрі від фундаментальних до прикладних наук.

5. Поєднання наукових досліджень з інженерними розробками-це створення нових або удосконалення існуючих речей.

VII Practise asking questions. Ask all possible questions to the different members of the sentence.

1) Scientists are concerned with extending our knowledge about the fundamental laws of nature.

2) Today the typical engineer is college graduate, quite often with an advanced degree.

VIII Speak on the topic “Engineering”

IX Rendering

1. Read the text “Scientific and Technological Progress” and be to answer the following questions:

- What accelerates the development of civilization and helps us in our cooperation with nature?

- What is the domain of the scientists’ activity?

- What are the great inventions of the beginning of the 20-Th century?

- How do we call the 20-Th century?

- What era do we live in?

Text B

Scientific and Technological Progress

It's difficult to overestimate the role of science and technology in our life. They accelerate the development of civilization and help us in our co-operation with nature.

Scientists investigate the laws of the universe, discover the secrets of nature, and apply their knowledge in practice improving the life of people. Let's compare our life nowadays with the life of people at the beginning of the 20th century. It has changed beyond recognition. Our ancestors hadn't the slightest idea of the trivial things created by the scientific progress that we use in our every day life. I mean refrigerators, TV sets, computers, microwave ovens, radio telephones, what not.

They would seem miracles to them that made our life easy, comfortable and pleasant. On the other hand, the great inventions of the beginning of the 20th century, I mean radio, airplanes, combustion and jet engines have become usual things and we can't imagine our life without them. A century is a long period for scientific and technological progress, as it's rather rapid. Millions of investigations the endless number of outstanding discoveries has been made. The 20-th century has had several names that were connected with a certain era in science and technology. At first it was called the atomic age due to the discovery of the splitting of the atom. Then it became the age of the conquest of space when for the first time in the history of mankind a man overcame the gravity and entered the Universe. And now we live in the information era when the computer network embraces the globe and connects not only the countries and space stations but a lot of people all over the world. All these things prove the power and the greatest progressive role of science in our life.

But every medal has its reverse. And the rapid scientific progress has aroused a number of problems that are a matter of our great concern. These are ecological problems, the safety of nuclear power stations, the nuclear war threat, and the responsibility of a scientist. But still we are grateful to the outstanding men of the past and the present who have courage and patience to disclose the secrets of the Universe.

2. Make a plan of the text.

3. Translate the part of the text in italics in a written form.

4. Retell the text according to your plan.

Comprehension skills.

X Listen to the text “Engineering as a profession”

Remember the words:

Endeavour - діяльність

conversion- перетворення

to call for- потребувати

attributes- атрибути (супутні характеристики)

conformity- відповідність

1. Define if the statements are true or False:

a) Many new areas of engineering endeavor, which come across the traditional lines, are today attracting attention.

b) A mechanical or electrical engineer may be employed by the aerospace, chemical, or mining industries, or by many others.

c) Computer science, information engineering, system engineering and operations research are not among the fields of recent interest.

d) Engineering is not compared to medicine and law in discussions of professionals.