American Symbols

The American flag is often called "The Stars and Stripes", it is also called "Old Glory". It represents the growth of the nation. It has 13 horizontal stripes,7 red and 6 white which stand for the original 13 states. In the top left hand corner there are 50 white stars on a blue background: one star for each state. The national anthem of the United States is "The Star Spangled Banner". The words written during the Anglo-American war of 18X2-1814and set to the music of an old song. Every state has its own flag, its own emblem and its own anthem too.

The eagle became the national emblem of the country in 1782. It has an olive branch (a symbol of peace) and arrows (a symbol of strength). You can see the eagle on the back of a dolliar bill.

The Statue of Liberty is the symbol of American democracy. It stands on Liberty Island in New York. It is one of the first things people see when they arrive in New York by sea. This National Monument was a present from France to the USA. France gave the statue to America in 1884 as a symbol of friendship. Liberty carries the torch of freedom - in her right hand. In her left hand she is holding a tablet with the inscription "July 4, 1776" - American Independence Day.

Література

1.Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. — Мова англ. — К.: ТОВ "ВП Логос", 2002. — 368с.

2.Верба Г.В. Граматика сучасної англійської мови. Довідник. — К.: Логос, 2000р. — 352с.

3.Гусак Т.М. Практикум з сучасної англ. мови. — К.: "Фірма "ІНКОС". 2002. — 308с.

4.Мисик Л.В., Арцишевська А.Л., Кузнєцова Л.Р., Поплавська Л.Л. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред.. доц.. Мисик Л.В. — Підручник. — К.: Атака, 2000. — 368с.

5. Бонди Е.А. Английский язык для студентов-историков: Учебник. — 2-е изд.. испр. и доп. — М.: ООО "Издательство Астрель": ООО "Издательство АСГ\ 2001. — 400с.

6. Каушанская В.Л. Сборник упражнений по грамматике английского язика:Пособие для студентов педуниверситетов. — М.: 2000. — 214с.

8. Raymond Murphy. English Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press, 1985. – 325

Робота над текстами за професінйим спрямуванням:

Практичні заняття 1,2.

Спеціальність: Соціальна робота/педагогіка.

Biorhythms

At the beginning of this century medical scientists made a surprising discovery: that we are built not just of flesh and blood but also of time. They were able to demonstrate that we all have an internal "body clock" which regulates the rise and fall of our body energies, making us different from one day to the next. The idea of an internal "body clock" should not be surprising, since the lives of most living things are dominated by the 24-hour night-and-day cycle. The most obvious feature of this cycle is the way we feel tired and fall asleep at night and become awake during the day. If the 24-hour rhythm is interrupted, most people experience unpleasant side effects. As well as the daily rhythm of sleeping and waking we also have other rhythms which last longer that one day and which influence wide areas of our lives. Most of us would agree that we feel good on some days and not so good on others. Scientists have identified the following three biorhythmic cycles: physical, emotional and intellectual. Each cycle lasts approximately 28 days and each is divided into a high energy period and a low energy period of equal length. During the low energy period we are less resistant to illness and tire more easily. The low period puts energy into our "batteries" for the next high period. During the high energy period of a physical biorhythm we are more resistant to illness, better coordinated and more energetic. The "critical" or weakest time is the time of changeover from the high energy period to the low energy period, or vice versa. This "critical" time usually lasts a day. On the critical day of a physical biorhythm, there is a greater chance of accident and illness. Human experience is always individual and we each have our own biorhythmic experiences. Some people experience such enormous physical turbulence on their "physically critical" days that they have to go to bed.

Questions:

1. What are Biorhythms?

2. What problems can people have if their 24-hour rhythm

is interrupted?

3. What three biorhythmic cycles have scientists identified?

4. Which is the weakest part of a cycle?

5. How long does each cycle last?

Vocabulary:

flesh — плоть

internal — внутрішній

cycle — цикл

obvious — очевидний

approximately — приблизно

experience — досвід

turbulence — дискомфорт