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X
- •Передмова
- •Lead-in
- •I. List the main branches of engineering. Compare your list with that of your groupmates.
- •II. You are a student at the University now. Listen to the dialogues you can hear at the University during your first days of studying and learn how to introduce yourself.
- •III. That's how we greet and introduce each other in English. Study this table.
- •IV. Complete the dialogues using the expressions from the table.
- •Language Practice
- •I. Imagine Kate and Mike or other students of the group are talking.
- •II. Correct mistakes in the passage.
- •III. Ask all possible questions to the following statements. Consult the table.
- •IV. Study the following expressions in the frame and fill in the gaps.
- •V. You know very little about your groupmates and you'd like to learn more about them. Ask them different questions using the expressions from the previous exercise.
- •VI. Make up sentences using the “Word Order Rule”.
- •VII. Study the names of different professions.
- •VIII. Name the specialists who work in these areas.
- •IX. Fill in the gaps. The first one is done for you.
- •X. You are probably familiar with the following jobs: physician, physicist, accountant, etc. Which description fits which job?
- •XII. Find and correct mistakes in the following sentences.
- •XIII. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Reading and Speaking
- •I. These are short texts about different young people. Read them and answer the questions.
- •II. A) Read about Jan Black.
- •Activity
- •I. A) There are a lot of international students at your University. Let's interview one of them, Olexiy Petrenko.
- •II. There is a new foreign student in your group, Ryan Jones by name. Learn about him as much as you can.
- •I. Memorize the spelling, pronunciation and translation of the following words and word-combinations.
- •II. Read the text and get ready to do exercises. Family Life
- •III. Get ready to answer the following questions.
- •Lead-in
- •Language Practice
- •I. Change singular into plural and plural into singular.
- •II. A) Study this picture and learn the names of different tools.
- •III. Make up sentences with the following expressions: a pair of, a set of, a box of, a packet of.
- •IV. Look at the chart below. Choose the right tool for each profession.
- •V. Find and correct mistakes in the following sentences.
- •VI. Translate the following sentences.
- •Reading and Speaking
- •I. Read the texts and answer the questions.
- •II. Complete the dialogues. Use the information from the pictures.
- •Activity
- •I. Check if your groupmate knows the English names of these tools. Begin like this
- •II. Translate the Ukrainian phrases into English and reproduce the dialogue with your partner.
- •Writing
- •I. Describe some geometrical shapes and use the following adjectives.
- •II. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Further Reading
- •I. Learn the following words and word-combinations to comprehend the text.
- •II. Read the names of the faculties. Give Ukrainian equivalents.
- •III. Read the names of the specialities. Give Ukrainian equivalents.
- •IV. Skim the text first to define its general subject and the subject of each paragraph. Use the following phrases.
- •V. Read the text. National University of Water Management and Natural Resources Use
- •VI. Are these statements true or false? If they are false, say why. Use the following phrases.
- •VII. Study the text and answer the following questions.
- •VIII. Say which faculties train the following experts.
- •IX. Complete the definitions with the correct nouns from the text.
- •X. Discuss with your friend each part of the text. You may introduce your questions with the following phrases.
- •XI. Interview your friend in English. Find out what he/she knows about the faculty he/she studies at:
- •XII. Get ready to speak about.
- •Lead-in
- •I. List different geometrical shapes. Compare your list with that of your groupmate.
- •II. The students are at the lesson of Geometry now. Listen to their conversation and learn how to name different geometrical shapes.
- •Language Practice
- •VII. Say whether you agree or disagree with the following descriptions.
- •VIII. Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English.
- •Reading and Speaking
- •I. Read the text and learn how to describe geometrical figures and objects.
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Complete the dialogues.
- •Activity
- •Writing
- •Further Reading
- •II. Read and translate the text. Automotive Industry
- •III. Are the following statements true or false? Explain your answers.
- •IV. Answer the following questions.
- •V. Retell the text.
- •Lead-in
- •I. Discuss the following questions:
- •II. Learn how to speak about dimensions of different objects and shapes.
- •III. Complete the dialogues.
- •Language Practice
- •I. Complete this following the example.
- •II. Use the proper word in the following situations.
- •III. Study this table.
- •IV. Write down and read the following numbers.
- •V. Complete according to the table.
- •VI. Compare the objects.
- •VII. Correct mistakes.
- •IX. Translate the following sentences into English using your active vocabulary.
- •Reading and Speaking
- •I. Look at the pictures below and answer these questions.
- •II. Read the text and check your answers.
- •III. Complete the dialogues.
- •IV. Describe the dimensions of your classroom and some objects in it. Activity
- •I. Describe the dimensions of the objects.
- •II. Describe the dimensions of an object from the box below. Do not mention the object. Let your groupmates guess what it is.
- •Writing
- •I. Choose an object in your classroom and write its description using the following words:
- •II. Translate the following text into Ukrainian paying attention to British units of length.
- •Further Reading
- •I. Learn the following words and word-combinations to comprehend the text.
- •II. Read and translate the text. The Modern Automobile
- •IV. Answer the questions.
- •V. Retell the text.
- •Lead-in
- •I. List as many tools as you know. Compare your list with that of your partner.
- •II. Students of our University practise their skills in the workshop. Listen to their conversations and learn how to speak about the location of different tools in the workshop.
- •Language Practice
- •III. Match the sentences with the pictures.
- •IV. Are these sentences true or false? Correct the false ones.
- •V. A) Put the following pictures in the correct order.
- •VI. Match the words from the three columns.
- •VII. Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English.
- •Reading and Speaking
- •I. Look at the picture and say what it is. Read the text to see if you are right.
- •II. Answer the questions given below.
- •III. Fill in the gaps and reproduce the text.
- •Activity
- •I. Ask your partner about the location of the objects below. Use different ways of expressing your opinion.
- •II. You are in the workshop. Ask your friend to bring the tools you need. You may start like this.
- •Writing
- •I. Write a safety-notice for a workshop. Use the words below.
- •II. Link two instructions into one.
- •Further Reading
- •I. Learn the following words and word-combinations to comprehend the text.
- •II. Read and translate the text. Components of the Automobile
- •Lead-in
- •Language Practice
- •VIII. Find mistakes in the following sentences and correct them.
- •IX. Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English.
- •Reading and Speaking
- •I. There is no motor vehicle without an engine. And today we have different types of engines. Read the text to learn more about them.
- •II. Answer the questions.
- •Activity
- •Writing
- •II. A) Match the English compound nouns with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •Further Reading
- •II. Read and translate the text.
- •Internal Combustion Engines
- •III. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •IV. Match the words from the line a with the words from the line b to have word-combinations.
- •V. Fill in the gaps with the words given below.
- •VI. Answer the questions.
- •VII. Retell the text.
- •Lead-in
- •I. Discuss the following questions:
- •II. Andrew is talking to his friend Paul about different vehicle engines. Listen to their dialogue and learn the names of these engines.
- •III. That's how we usually ask and answer questions in English. Study this table.
- •IV. Complete the dialogues. Use question and answering techniques.
- •Language Practice
- •I. A) a 4-stroke engine naturally has four working cycles. Do you know all of them? Study this picture.
- •II. You want to know what objects your friend has in his garage. Ask him about their location using some, any and not any.
- •III. A) Match the pictures with the expressions of quantity and make sentences.
- •IV. Answer your partner's questions in two possible ways. Pay attention to the difference between none and no.
- •V. Fill in the blanks with some, any, no, many, few and a few.
- •VI. Correct mistakes in the following sentences.
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Reading and Speaking
- •I. Try to answer these questions before you read the text.
- •II. Read the text about different types of fuel and engines and check your answers.
- •III. Complete the sentences.
- •IV. A) Fill in the table using the information from the text. One answer is already given.
- •Activity
- •I. Your partner wants to know the quantity of different things in the garage. Make up dialogues using some, any, many, a lot of, a few, few. Use question and answering techniques in your dialogue.
- •II. Translate the Ukrainian phrases into English and reproduce the dialogue with your partner.
- •III. Discuss with your partner how many cars / lorries / motorcycles have diesel engines / two-stroke engines / four-stroke petrol engines. Writing
- •I. Study this picture and complete the description of the 4-stroke four-cylinder engine.
- •II. Describe the complete cycle of operation for all the cylinders at any position of the crankshaft. Use the information from the table below.
- •Further Reading
- •II. Read and translate the text. Principles of Engine Operation
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate word-combinations. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •IV. Match the antonyms.
- •V. Answer the questions.
- •VI. Retell the text.
- •Lead-in
- •I. Discuss the following questions.
- •II. Paul and Alex are in the lab now. Listen to their conversation and name the car devices they are working with.
- •III. Complete the dialogues.
- •IV. Match a line in a with a line in b.
- •Language Practice
- •VI. Ask each other what they were doing yesterday at that time.
- •XI. Insert prepositions where necessary.
- •XII. Give your partner more information about what these people are doing.
- •XIII. Correct mistakes.
- •XIV. Translate the sentences into English using your active vocabulary.
- •Reading and Speaking
- •I. It is impossible to live and work without a car these days. A lot of people drive a car to work or when they travel. Discuss the following questions with your partner.
- •II. List as many parts of a car as you can. Compare your list with that of the other groupmates.
- •III. Now read the text and then answer the questions given after it.
- •IV. Complete the sentences using the wordlist below.
- •V. You are driving a car now. Your friend is sitting next to you. He does not know anything about the car devices. Describe him the work of a tachometer, a speedometer or an ammeter. Activity
- •I. Discuss with your fellow student what Mr. Kosov is doing now.
- •II. Your friend is showing you how to draw a graph. Describe what he is doing step by step. Begin with the words:
- •Writing
- •I. The car is travelling at constant speed. This graph shows the dependence of distance on time. Study this graph and describe it. Can you calculate the speed of the car in kph?
- •II. Translate the text.
- •Further Reading
- •I. Learn the following words and word-combinations to comprehend the text.
- •II. Read and translate the text. Chassis
- •Lead-in
- •III. That's how we express request and possible replies in English. Study this table.
- •IV. Complete the dialogues using the expressions from the table above.
- •Language Practice
- •I. Learn symbols in Chemistry.
- •II. Are you good at substances? Choose the right Ukrainian translation for the English word.
- •III. What chemical elements stand for these abbreviations?
- •IV. Answer your friend's questions about the quantity of different elements in these substances. Use some, any, no.
- •V. Build up short dialogues using expressions of request. In your answers use little, a little.
- •VI. Choose the right option.
- •VII. A) Study the following examples.
- •VIII. Correct mistakes in the following sentences.
- •IX. Choose the appropriate adverbial modifiers to complete the sentences.
- •X. Compare the pictures and write what has been changed in the car. Picture 1 shows a car in a very bad condition, picture 2 shows the same car after repair.
- •XI. Translate the following sentences into English using your active vocabulary.
- •Reading and Speaking
- •I. Scan the text and find all chemical constituents of different fuels.
- •II. Now read this extract for more information.
- •III. Say if these sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.
- •IV. Answer your partner's questions about the chemical composition of various fuels. Choose the right expression of quantity.
- •Activity
- •I. You are an expert in fuels. Answer your partner's questions about various types of fuels and their composition. Use different expressions of quantity.
- •II. Study this table and discuss with your partner which type of fuel is suitable for these vehicles: racing cars, passenger cars, motorcycles, lorries, buses.
- •Writing
- •I. Study the picture. Describe the composition of:
- •II. Translate the text into Ukrainian. Use your dictionary if necessary.
- •Further Reading
- •I. Learn the following words and word-combinations to comprehend the text.
- •II. Read and translate the text. The Diesel Engine Fuel System
- •III. Match the antonyms.
- •IV. Fill in the gaps with the words or word-combinations give bellow. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •V. Answer the questions.
- •VI. Retell the text.
- •Lead-in
- •I. A) List as many car systems as possible. Compare your list with the rest of the group. Who's got the longest list?
- •II. Philip, a student of Automotive Engineering, has met his friend Alex in the laboratory testing. Listen to their dialogue and learn the basic principle of the carburettor operation.
- •III. Complete the dialogues.
- •IV. Match a line in a with a line in b.
- •Language Practice
- •I. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •II. Fill in the table with the missing forms of the following words. Use your dictionary if necessary.
- •III. Analyse the word-combinations in the table and translate the following combinations into Ukrainian
- •IV. Change the following sentences so as to use Present Simple Passive. Follow the model.
- •V. Give the opposite to the following sentences.
- •VI. Your partner wants to check your knowledge of automotive engineering. Answer his questions. Use such adverbs as always, never, sometimes, often, seldom, usually.
- •VII. Ask all possible questions. Consult the table below.
- •VIII. Choose the right form of the verb.
- •IX. Change the following sentences. Use Past and Future Simple Passive.
- •X. Ask your friend if he did these things himself.
- •XI. Explain to your friend:
- •Reading and Speaking
- •Activity
- •Writing
- •I. Write a paragraph about the fuel system operation. The words below will help you.
- •II. Translate the text into Ukrainian.
- •Further Reading
- •II. Read and translate the text. The Systems of the Internal Combustion Engine
- •III. Answer the following questions.
- •IV. Retell the text.
- •Lead-in
- •I. Engineers make use of machine tools in all their activities. List as many applications of machine tools as possible. Compare your list with that of your groupmates.
- •III. Complete the dialogues.
- •IV. Match a line in a with a line in b.
- •Language Practice
- •I. Match the words with the opposite meaning.
- •II. Match the word with its definition.
- •III. Match the English word-combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •IV. Write down all possible derivatives of the following words.
- •V. Find the verb in Perfect Passive in every line.
- •VI. Change the following sentences so as to use passive form of the verb underlined.
- •VII. You completed your practical training at the Machine-building plant last week.
- •VIII. Ask all possible questions. Consult the tables below.
- •IX. Correct mistakes in the following sentences.
- •X. Translate the sentences into English using your active vocabulary.
- •Reading and Speaking
- •Activity
- •Machine Tools
- •Writing
- •I. Write two paragraphs, one about advantages and the other about possible disadvantages of machine tools.
- •II. Translate the text into Ukrainian. Use your technical dictionary.
- •Further Reading
- •I. Learn how to read the following words.
- •II. What do these abbreviations stand for? Look through the text to find it out.
- •III. Where can numerical control systems be used? Read the text to learn more about nc systems.
- •IV. Answer the following questions.
- •V. Say if the following sentences are true or false. Correct the false sentences.
- •VI. Read the following summary of the previous text and fill in the missing information with the words given.
- •VII. Annotate the text.
- •Lead-in
- •I. What measuring instruments do you know? List as many as you can. Compare your list with that of your groupmates.
- •II. Listen to the following dialogues and learn how to name different devices in English.
- •III. Professor and his student are talking about the new equipment in the lab. Listen to their conversation and learn how to name measuring devices in English.
- •IV. That’s how we attract somebody’s attention and express gratitude in English. Study this table.
- •V. Complete the dialogues using the phrases to attract attention and express gratitude.
- •VI. Complete the dialogue.
- •Language Practice
- •Reading and Speaking
- •I. Look at the pictures. Try to name these objects and their functions.
- •II. Find answers to the following questions in the text.
- •III. Fill in the table using information from the text following it.
- •Activity
- •Writing
- •Further Reading
- •I. Learn the following words and word-combinations to comprehend the text.
- •II. Read and translate the text. The Engine
- •Lead-in
- •III. That's how we make predictions about the future in English. Study this table.
- •IV. Complete the dialogues using the phrases about the future from the box.
- •V. Match a line in a with a line in b.
- •Language Practice
- •I. Study the table, then do the exercises that follow.
- •II. Find in в the word close in the meaning to the word in a.
- •III. Ask your friend about his plans for tomorrow. Pay attention to the expression 'to be going to'.
- •IV. Choose the right form of the Verb.
- •V. Translate the sentences into English using your active vocabulary.
- •Reading and Speaking
- •I. Nataly and Alice were not at home from 4 till 6 o'clock yesterday. They were at the University. Read this passage through to find the answers to these questions.
- •II. Complete the dialogue. Use the wordlist below.
- •III. Your friend is interested in what you were doing in the lab yesterday. Describe to him how you were experimenting with a multimeter. Activity
- •I. A) Find out what the people in the picture are going to do. These are possible questions that you can ask.
- •II. Your boyfriend/girlfriend wanted to see you yesterday but he/she couldn't find you. Explain your friend what you were busy with. Some phrases are already given to you.
- •III. Do the crossword.
- •Writing
- •I. Yesterday you were watching how some students were experimenting in the lab. Describe their activities. The words below will help you.
- •II. Translate the text into Ukrainian. Use the dictionary if necessary.
- •Further Reading
- •II. Read and translate the text. Diesel Starting Systems
- •Lead-in
- •III. Andrew has his practice at the steel works. Listen to his conversation with Alice and name the types and properties of steels that are mentioned by the students.
- •V. Complete the dialogues using the phrases for asking and giving permission.
- •VI. Complete the dialogue.
- •VII. Match a line in a with a line in b.
- •Language Practice
- •I. Learn how to read these words.
- •II. Match the Ukrainian words with their English equivalents.
- •III. Match the words with the opposite meaning.
- •IV. Say what these people could do in the past.
- •V. Use the following statements in the past and future.
- •VI. Ask your scientific supervisor to explain what can happen to these engineering materials.
- •VII. Put these statements into Present, Past and Future using the modal expression to be able to (not to be able to) instead of can (can't).
- •VIII. Use the following statements in Past and Future.
- •IX. Your partner is an Instructor in the lab. Ask him if you may perform the following actions. Work in pairs.
- •X. Your friend wanted to do a lot of things in the practical class yesterday. Ask him if he was allowed to do all of them.
- •XI. Discuss with your friend which of these things may be done.
- •XII. Ask your friend whether your groupmates must do these things.
- •XIII. Put these statements into Present, Past and Future using the modal verb to have to (not to have to) instead of must (mustn't).
- •XIV. Correct mistakes in the following sentences.
- •XV. Translate the sentences into English using your active vocabulary.
- •Reading and Speaking
- •I. These words are taken from the text. Use the dictionary to find out their meaning.
- •II. Skim the text to find answers to these questions.
- •III. Read the text attentively for more information about copper.
- •IV. Say if the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
- •Activity
- •Copper Metals
- •Writing
- •II. Translate the passage into Ukrainian. Use the dictionary if necessary.
- •Further Reading
- •I. Learn the following words and word-combinations to comprehend the text.
- •II. Do you know any interesting facts about copper? Share the interesting information with your groupmates.
- •III. Read the text to learn more about properties and applications of copper. Do you know that…
- •IV. Explain why …
- •V. Comment on the following statement. Give reasons for your answer.
- •Lead-in
- •I. Discuss the following questions.
- •II. Some students are at the exhibition "History of Cars". Listen to their conversation with the guide and learn how the first automobiles looked like.
- •III. Complete the dialogues.
- •IV. Match a line in a with a line in b.
- •Language Practice
- •I. Here are some more suffixes to make an adjective. Translate them into Ukrainian.
- •II. Match the words with their definitions.
- •IV. Ask an engineer about the advances in car design.
- •V. Insert necessary prepositions.
- •VI. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the Infinitive functions.
- •VII. Find the Objective Infinitive Complex in the sentences given below.
- •VIII. Correct mistakes.
- •IX. Translate the sentences into English using your active vocabulary.
- •Reading and Speaking
- •I. There exist different types of cars and a mini motor car is one of them.
- •II. Scan the text and say what it is about.
- •III. Now read the text attentively to learn more about mini motor cars.
- •Activity
- •Writing
- •I. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Infinitive.
- •II. How do you imagine a car of the future? Write a short description of it.
- •III. Translate this text into Ukrainian. What Is Mechatronics?
- •Further Reading
- •I. Learn the following words and word-combinations to comprehend the text:
- •II. Read and translate the text. Diesel Engine
- •III. Answer the following questions.
- •IV. Retell the text.
- •Lead-in
- •I. Discuss the following questions.
- •II. Listen to the students' conversation and learn what faults can occur in a car.
- •III. Complete the following dialogues.
- •IV. Match a line in a with a line in b.
- •Language Practice
- •I. Find the English equivalents in в to the Ukrainian words in a.
- •II. Match the words with the similar meaning.
- •III. Complete the table with the missing words.
- •IV. Make all possible sentences, matching the actions that take place at the same time.
- •V. Explain why these things happen.
- •VI. Expand the following sentences as shown in the example.
- •VII. Study the following sentences and point out the differences in their translation.
- •VIII. If none of the switches are working something must be wrong with the electrical system in the car. Say in what order you will check its components. Work in a chain.
- •IX. Match the beginning of each sentence with its end.
- •X. Fill in the gaps with the words given in the box.
- •XI. Translate the sentences into English using your active vocabulary.
- •Reading and Speaking
- •I. Look at the headline and try to guess what the text is going to be about.
- •II. Scan the text to find the answers to the following questions.
- •III. Read the text attentively and learn about the most common faults in the car and the ways to repair them. Finding a Fault in the Car
- •Activity
- •How to Check a Spark Plug
- •III. Solve the puzzle.
- •Writing
- •I. You are a mechanic at the service station. Write a set of instructions “How to maintain a car”.
- •II. Translate the passage into Ukrainian. Use the dictionary if necessary.
- •Further Reading
- •I. Learn the following words and word-combinations to comprehend the text.
- •II. Read and translate the text. Cooling Systems
- •III. Answers the questions.
- •Lead-in
- •III. Complete the dialogue.
- •IV. Match a line in a with a line in b.
- •Language Practice
- •I. Match these words and expressions with their Ukrainian translation.
- •II. Find in в the English equivalent to the Ukrainian word in a.
- •III. Make up all possible word-combinations.
- •IV. Read the sentences, find the Gerund.
- •VI. Say what is necessary, obvious, easy, difficult doing for these people in these situations.
- •VII. Make your own sentences using the structure with the Gerund.
- •Reading and Speaking
- •I. Do you like sports? Make a list of all possible materials that are used in sports equipment. Compare your list with that of your groupmates.
- •II. Study the new words and word-combinations.
- •III. What materials are tennis rackets, hockey sticks and poles made of nowadays? Skim the text to find it out. Sports Materials
- •IV. Choose the right option.
- •V. Complete the gaps with the words given below.
- •VI. You are in the shop ”Sport Master”. You want to buy a modern hockey stick and a good tennis racket. Discuss with the shop assistant the best choice. Activity
- •II. Discussion. How much do we depend on plastics?
- •Writing
- •I. Study the diagram and write a paragraph about the applications of different types of plastics. Point out why these products are made of plastics.
- •II. Translate the passage into Ukrainian. Use the dictionary if necessary.
- •Further Reading
- •I. Read and translate the text. Plastics
- •II. Skim the text to find answers to these questions.
- •III. Say if the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
- •IV. Explain why the following things are made or covered with polymers. Name the properties of polymers, which are important in making these things.
- •V. Comment on the following statement.
- •VI. Annotate the text. Supplement I check your progress
- •I. Work in pairs. Choose the appropriate adverbial modifiers to complete the sentences. Do card a and your friend will do card b. Exchange your answers and check yourself.
- •II. Complete the sentences with the words from the box. Pay attention to the tense form of these verbs.
- •III. Put in 'since', 'for', 'ago'.
- •IV. Choose the right modal verb in these dialogues.
- •V. Translate these sentences using your active vocabulary.
- •VI. Rearrange the following lines to make up a dialogue of a telephone conversation between two students.
- •VII. Compare the pictures and say what has been changed in the car. Picture 1 shows a car in very bad condition, picture 2 shows the same car after repair.
- •VIII. Discuss with your partner how he sees the future of our cars. The phrases given below will help you in your discussion.
- •IX. A) Divide into two groups.
- •X. This text has been given to the students of the Technical University at the English Competition. They had only 45 minutes to translate it. Try your hand at it. Time's Arrow
- •Supplement II My Future Speciality: Automobile Transport Engineer
- •Supplement III Greek Alphabet
- •Mathematics related to automotive industry.
- •Wording Mathematical Formulae
- •Supplement IV
- •Irregular verbs
- •Supplement V English-Ukrainian Dictionary
- •Список рекомендованої літератури
- •Contents
Activity
I. You are an expert in fuels. Answer your partner's questions about various types of fuels and their composition. Use different expressions of quantity.
II. Study this table and discuss with your partner which type of fuel is suitable for these vehicles: racing cars, passenger cars, motorcycles, lorries, buses.
Fuel |
Composition |
Price |
methanol |
37.5% of carbon 12% of hydrogen 50% of oxygen |
$1.14 |
diesel |
85% of carbon 0.5% of sulphur 13.5% of hydrogen |
$0.52 |
petrol |
74% of carbon 25% of hydrogen |
$0.65 |
gas |
100% of natural gas |
$0.74 |
liquid hydrogen |
100% of hydrogen |
$2.17 |
Writing
I. Study the picture. Describe the composition of:
a) fuel and air mixture,
b) aluminium alloy in engine pins.
Replace the percentage (…%) with expressions of quantity.
II. Translate the text into Ukrainian. Use your dictionary if necessary.
As you know there are three types of an internal combustion engine which are very important for our industrial life. These are, of course, the petrol engine, the diesel engine and the gas turbine. They have a lot in common. They all use liquid fuel, produce mechanical work and also exhaust gases. However there are many differences in the principles of their construction and operation.
Let's consider the gas turbine now. It has five characteristics. They are:
– a high power-weight ratio (потужність на одиницю маси),
– a very small number of moving parts (in comparison with the petrol engine and the diesel engine),
– independent of major water supplies,
– rapid starting (30 seconds to the full power).
Further Reading
I. Learn the following words and word-combinations to comprehend the text.
difference |
vehicle |
fuel |
maintain |
supply |
arrange |
ignite |
trap |
spark |
expensive |
air cleaner |
precision |
fuel pump |
quantity |
fuel filter |
pressure |
II. Read and translate the text. The Diesel Engine Fuel System
1. The main difference between the petrol engine and the diesel engine is in the method in which the fuel is supplied to the cylinders and ignited.
2. We know the diesel engine to have no carburettor and no electrical equipment to provide a spark for the fuel ignition.
3. The diesel engine fuel system includes an air cleaner, a fuel pump, fuel filters, fuel injection pump and fuel injectors.
4. The air cleaner is the same type of air cleaner as fitted to petrol engines.
5. A fuel lift pump is fitted to the fuel line of the diesel fuel system. Such pumps are necessary on vehicles where the fuel tank is not placed high enough to maintain a good gravity flow. This is always the case with cars but not always with tractors because the fuel tank is placed high enough.
6. One or more fuel filters are sure to filter the fuel as it is pumped from the lift pump to the injection pump. These filters are of the same form as a metal container in which there is some filter element and they are arranged so that the fuel should pass through the element. The dirt being trapped on the surface of the element, it is necessary to replace these elements at recommended intervals. The interval varies according to the type of the element used (usually from 200 to 400 working-hours of the engine).
7. The fuel injection pump is a very important and expensive part of the diesel engine. It is expensive because a lot of skilled work is necessary to make a precision instrument. It is important because it must deliver accurately to the engine very small quantities of fuel. In a muticylinder engine the quantities of fuel delivered to each cylinder must be equal and delivered at high pressure. Two types of fuel injection pumps are usually employed on tractors: a plunger type pump or a distributor type pump. In both cases engine speed is increased by the acceleration control which causes the pump mechanism to deliver an increasing quantity of fuel to the engine.
8. The fuel injector is another very accurately made part of the diesel fuel system and its purpose is to inject into the cylinder the small quantities of the fuel. The fuel is to be delivered in a very fine spray and this is achieved partly because it is forced through little holes in the end of the injector and partly because the pressure which forces it through these holes is very high.
9. From the tank the fuel passes through the top into a filter bowl then it is delivered by gravity down to the lift pump in which there is another filter. The lift pump pumps the fuel up and through the main fuel filter. From this point the fuel passes to the injection pump which meters it and pumps it through the injector into the cylinder in which compression of air has taken place.
10. It being necessary to increase the speed of the diesel engine, the operator has to open the throttle control which moves a mechanism within the injector pump and more fuel is expected to be delivered to each cylinder.
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