6 Список основной и дополнительной литературы

Applied lexicology

translation, lexicography, pragmatics of speech

Comparative lexicology

studies closely relative languages from the point of view of their identity and differentiation

Descriptive lexicology

deals with the English word in its morphological and semantical structures, investigating the interdependence between these two aspects

Dialectology

is a branch of sociolinguistics that studies the systematic variants of a language

Etymology

is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time

General lexicology

part of general linguistics, is concerned with the study of vocabulary irrespective of the specific features of any particular language

Historical lexicology

deals with the historic change of words in the course of language development

Lexeme

is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics, that roughly corresponds to a set of forms taken by a single word

Lexicography

is the science and art of compiling dictionary

Lexicology

is the part of linguistics which studies words, their nature and meaning, words’ elements, relations between words and word groups

Onomastics

is the science of names, naming conventions, and the origin and history of names

Semasiology

is a branch of linguistics, which studies the meaning of the language units

Special lexicology

is the lexicology of a particular language (Russian, German, French, etc.)

Terminology

is the study of terms and their use

Vocabulary

is the knowledge of words and word meanings

Word equivalent

denotes set expressions similar to words in so far as they are integrated semantically, not created in speech but introduced into the act of communication ready-made

A word

is the smallest free form in a language, in contrast to a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning

Assimilation

is a linguistic process by which a sound becomes similar to an adjacent sound

Barbarism

a word or expression which is formed from elements of different languages

Borrowing

is a word taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of English language

Loan word

is a word taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of English language

Etymological doublets

are two words of the same language which were derived by different routes from the same basic word

Etymological triplets

groups of three words of common root

Etymology

is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time

International words

words are borrowed by several languages, and not just by one

Morphemic borrowings

are borrowings of affixes which occur in the language when many words with identical affixes are borrowed from one language into another, so that the morphemic structure of borrowed words becomes familiar to the people speaking the borrowing language

Semantic borrowing

the development in an English word of a new meaning due to the influence of a related word in another language

An archaism

is language that was current at one time, but has passed out of regular use

Coinage

coinage of a new word

Set expressions

are word groups consisting of two or more words whose combination is integrated so that they are introduced in speech

Broadening of meaning

when a word with a specific or limited meaning is widened

Metaphor

is the concept of understanding one thing in terms of another

Onomatopoeic motivation

chiefly stems from imitation of human, animal or natural sounds in the extralinguistic matter

Practical grammar

is the description of grammar rules that are necessary to understand and formulate sentences

Theoretical grammar

offers explanation for these rules.

Semantics

studies the referential meaning of units

Syntactics (or syntax)

studies formal relation of units to one another

Pragmatics

the study of the relationship between linguistic units and the users of those units

Language

is a collective body of knowledge, it is a set of basic elements

Speech

is closely connected with language, as it is the result of using the language, the result of a definite act of speaking

Paradigmatic relations

are relations based on the principles of similarity

Syntagmatic relations

exist at every language level

Synthetic languages

are defined as ones of ‘internal’ grammar of the word

Analytical languages

are those of ‘external’ grammar

Expressive unit

ensures the thought-forming function of the language

Nominative unit

is realized with the help of which the naming function of language

Semiotic system

means of linguistic signs

Functional approach

in language analysis deals with the language ‘in action’

Lexical meaning is the individual meaning of the word (e.g. table). Grammatical meaning is the meaning of the whole class or a subclass.

Implicit grammatical meaning

is not expressed formally

Explicit grammatical meaning

is always marked morphologically

General grammatical meaning

is the meaning of the whole word-class, of a part of speech

Dependent grammatical meaning

is the meaning of a subclass within the same part of speech.