Unit 9. Environmental pollution

Grammar:

1. Infinitive § 55

2. Perfect Tenses § 16, 21

3. Функции слова BOTH § 41

A. 1. Read and translate the following international words: deficit [′defisit], campaign [kæm′pein], global [gloubəl], material [mə′tiəriəl], civilization [,sivilai′zeiən], political [pə′litikəl], radioactive [reidiouæktiv], radiation [,reidieiən]

1. 2. Learn new words

acid кислота air воздух everything всё noise шум over за, у, при rain дождь strict строгий	at last наконец daily ежедневно fail to не (сделать) nuclear ядерный plant растение pollute загрязнять source источник				both … and … и… и cope with справиться depend оn зависеть от derivative производное mankind человечество pollution загрязнение threaten угрожать
weapon оружие	problem проблема, вопрос, задача; сложная ситуация
contaminate загрязнять only единственный survival выживание wild [waild] дикий		accident несчастный случай, катастрофа, авария exhaust [igzɔ:st] вытягивать, выпускать; выхлоп increase [inkri:s] возрастать, расти, увеличиваться solid твердый, сплошной, цельный, твердое тело
against [əgenst] против breathe [bri:ð] дышать damage ущерб, повреждать poison яд, отрава, отравлять protect [prə'tekt] защищать solution решение, раствор			domestic домашний, бытовой, внутренний environment окружение, окружающая среда establish основывать, создавать, учреждать nature природа; натура, характер; сорт release освобождать, сбрасывать; выпуск worry (about) [′w∧ri] беспокоиться о
ability [əbiliti] способность attention [ə′tenən] внимание attitude [′ætitju:d] отношение contemporary современный danger [′deindʒə] опасность kind вид, сорт, разновидность perfect ['pə:fikt] совершенный power plant электростанция since с, с тех пор как; так как way out выход из положения				activity [æktiviti] деятельность another [ə'nə] другой, еще один be of importance иметь значение cause причина; вызывать, заставлять completely [kəm′pli:tli] полностью importance важность, значение in order to чтобы, для того чтобы keep - kept - kept хранить, держать realize осуществлять, понимать universal всеобщий, универсальный

environmental природоохранный, относящийся к окружающей среде

need нуждаться, требоваться; надобность, нужда, необходимость, потребность

primary начальный, основной, первостепенный, первоначальный

result from являться результатом, вытекать из, происходить

transportation [,trænspɔ:teiən] транспортирование, перевозка, транспортные средства

A. 3. Read and translate the following groups of derivatives

environment – environmental, poison – poisonous, danger – dangerous, acid – acidic, day – daily, complete - completely, rain - rainy, act – active – activity, survive – survival, contaminate – contamination, protect – protection, pollute - polluted - pollution, create – creation, able - ability, use – to use – user, damage - to damage, change – to change, threat – threaten, deep – deepen, worse – worsen, solve – solution, require – requirement, establish –nestablishment, cooperate – cooperation

A. 4. Translate the following word combinations:

environmental protection, contaminate land, pollute air, the survival of civilization, to find a way out, include solid wastes, poison people, create the problem, water deficit, threaten air, acid rain, global danger, soil resources, breathe air, depend completely on the environment, be of primary importance, natural resources, become part of the contemporary life, solution of this global problem, require the cooperation of all countries, protect nature, change the attitude, establish pollution control

B. 1. Translate the sentences paying attention to BOTH

1. Both coal and oil are minerals. 2. Plastics are both strong and inexpensive. 3. Both materials have great strength. 4. Electronics helps us to study both the atomic nucleus and elementary particles. 5. Water consists of two elements, both are gases. 6. Both of these materials have given excellent results under heavy traffic conditions. 7. One of the most significant facts about both industry and building has been research on synthetics and plastics.

B. 2. Name the infinitive of the following verbs: made, felt, meant, had, known, taken, begun, said, gone, got, understood, found, read, seen, become, written, dealt, heard, done, thought, been, built, put

B. 3. Translate the sentences paying attention to the predicate

1. Have you ever been to London? 2. Russian researchers have just begun to study this phenomenon. 3. Have you ever operated a computer? 4. They have built the bridge recently. 5. Of late years the production of plastics has greatly increased. 6 This chemist has already published the results of his research. 7. Electronics has already found a wide application in industry. 8. I've never heard this opera. 9. These young specialists have never conducted scientific investigations by themselves. 10. This scientist hasn’t completed the experiment yet. 11. Beginning with the 1960s the pollution problems have received great publicity.

B. 4. Translate the sentences paying attention to the infinitive

1. Practice helps to master theory. 2. They did everything to get necessary information. 3. People made efforts to find new sources of energy. 4. They used this method to achieve good results. 5. They used different techniques to construct the dam. 6. Polzunov was the first to construct a steam engine. 7. This method is not good enough to be used everywhere. 8. His task was to complete the work in time. 9. He wants to become an engineer because he likes technology. 10. To know English well you must work hard.

B. 5. Choose the sentences which should be translated beginning with "чтобы"

1. To translate a sentence is to discover its meaning. 2. To restore the building they used bricks. 3. To translate such article without a dictionary one must know English well. 4. To drive cars in a big city is very difficult. 5. To translate such article without a dictionary is difficult. 6. To extend the main street they had to destroy some old buildings. 7. To measure the vast distances between different planets scientists have to use special instruments. 8. To move along their orbit sputniks do not need any additional energy. 9. To design, construct and operate a radar system is a great technical achievement.

C. 1. Read the text ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION and answer the questions:

1. When did pollution become a serious problem?

2. What are the kinds of environmental pollution?

3. Is acid rain a source of global danger?

Environmental protection is one of the main problems of today. Through their daily activities people pollute and contaminate land, water and air. Today pollution has become a universal problem. The survival of our civilisation depends on the ability of mankind to find a way out.

There are several kinds of environment pollution. They include air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, and pollution caused by solid wastes, noise, and radiation. Air pollution is caused by the ever-increasing number of automobiles that help to cope with the transportation problem. The air polluted in the United States can travel the next day to Russia poisoning our people. Pollution of water by both industrial and domestic users creates the problem of water deficit. Nuclear power plants threaten air, water and land.

Another source of global danger is acid rain. Acid rains damage water, forest, and soil resources. People pollute the air that they breathe, poison the water that they drink. The only thing that people fail to realise is that they depend completely on the environment.

The task of protecting the nature is of primary importance now. Greenpeace organisation was created in 1987. This organisation carries out numerous campaigns against the global environmental pollution. The protection of natural resources and wild animals is becoming a political programme in every country. Public attention to the problem of pollution has now become part of the contemporary life. The solution of this global problem requires the cooperation of all countries. People also worry about the dangers resulting from massive releases of radioactive materials from nuclear weapons and accidents at nuclear power plants.

To protect nature people should change their attitude to it. Man should stop taking from nature everything he needs. It is good that at last people started to realise that they should keep air and water clean by establishing strict pollution control.

B. 6. Translate the sentences with BOTH

1. Both approaches have already found practical application in underwater exploration. 2. The engineer should know both the advantages and the disadvantages of the materials used. 3. The new plastics will be used as insulators both in electrical and electronic circuits. 4. It was therefore decided to use both these methods for testing the cores in case either should prove unsatisfactory.

B. 7. Translate the sentences with predicates in Perfect Tenses

1. This narrow bridge has been used for many years. Now it needs widening. 2. The road had been paved by the end of the summer. 3. The greatest part of the research has been completed. 4. The population of this country has grown considerably in recent years. 5. We have recently received instruments of high quality. 6. The research has been carried out by the engineers of the plant. 7. The electronic computer has been a remarkable achievement of modern science. 8. The research has been done with the help of electronic machines. 9. The students have done mathematical calculations and now they are drawing diagrams.

B. 8. Translate the sentences

1. To help aircraft find the capsule, its upper part is covered with special paint which can be detected by radar. 2. Radar may control the brakes to avoid collisions with other cars. 3. It is important to understand the fundamentals of this science. 4. A citizen of our country was the first to circle the globe. 5. Our students don't need a dictionary to translate this text. 6. I need two more days to finish my work. 7. Mendeleyev was the first to make a classification of chemical elements. 8. A new comfortable train was developed to transport people over long distances. 9. To make calculations, two computer programmes were used.