9. Antonymy: semantic and structural classifications of antonyms.

Antonymy in general shares many features typical of synonymy. Like synonyms, perfect or complete antonyms are fairly rare. It is usual to find the relations of antonymy restricted to certain contexts. Thus thick is only one of the antonyms of thin (a thin slice—a thick slice), another is fat (a thin man—a fat man).

V.N. Comissarov in his dictionary of antonyms classified them into two groups : absolute or root antonyms /»late» - «early»/ and derivational antonyms / «to please’ - «to displease»/ .  Absolute antonyms have different roots and derivational antonyms  have the same roots but different affixes. In most cases negative prefixes form antonyms / un-, dis-, non-/. Sometimes they are formed by means of suffixes -ful and -less.

The difference between derivational and root antonyms is not only in their structure, but in semantics as well. Derivational antonyms express contradictory notions, one of them excludes the other, e.g. «active»- «inactive». Absolute antonyms  express contrary notions. If some notions can be arranged in a group of more than two members, the most distant members of the group will be absolute antonyms, e.g. «ugly» , «plain», «good-looking», «pretty», «beautiful», the antonyms are «ugly» and «beautiful». Leonard Lipka in the book «Outline of English Lexicology» describes different types of oppositeness, and subdivides them into three types: a) complementary, e.g. male -female,  married -single, b) antonyms, e.g. good -bad, c) converseness, e.g. to buy - to sell.

10. Phraseological units: semantic and syntactic classifications of phraseological units; main sources of phraseological units.

Стилистика

1. Functional style of the language of academic (scientific technical) writing.

2. Functional style of the language of business communication (official writing).

3. Functional style of the language of publicist writing (public speeches and stories in periodicals).

4. Functional style of the language of mass media (short reports in new bulletins).

5. Functional style of the language of belles letters (fiction, verse, drama).

6. Stylistic stratification of english vocabulary (regular sets of present-day lexis).

7. Stylistic devices of the phonetic layer of the language system of english.

8. Stylistic devices of the lexical layer of the language system of english.

9. Stylistic devices of the syntactical layer of the language system of english.

10. Stylistic potentials of the phraseological stock of present-day english.

Теоретическая фонетика

1. Theoretical phonetics as a science. Subject – matter and branches of phonetics.

2. The phoneme theory. Phoneme and allophone. Types of allophones.

3. Phonological classification of english consonants.

4. Phonological classification of english vowels.

5. Sounds in connected speech (assimilation, vowel reduction and elision).

6. Types and functions of syllables.

7. Degrees, types and functions of word stress.

There are 3 degrees of word stress in English:

1. stressed syllables (primary stress)

2. half-stressed syllables (secondary stress)

3. unstressed syllables

A large group of polysyllabic simple words have both the primary and the secondary stresses e.g. conversation

There are several large groups of words with 2 equally strong stresses. e.g. rewrite, fourteen.

The secondary stress is manifested in polysyllabic words.e.g. popularity, responsibility.

In words with the primary stress on the 3d syllable the secondary stress usually falls on the 1^st syllable. e.g. decoration.

If the primary stress falls on the 4^th or 5^th syllable the secondary stress is on the second syllable.

e.g. articulation, experimentation.

Word stress in a language performs three functions.

1. Word stress constitutes a word, it organizes the syllables of a word into a language unit having a definite accentual structure, that is a pattern of relationship among the syllables; a word does not exist without the word stress 2. Word stress enables a person to identify a succession of syllables as a definite accentual pattern of a word. This function of word stress is known as identificatoiy(у него так в лекции) (or recognitive). 3. Word stress alone is capable of differentiating the meaning of words or their forms, thus performing its distinctive function. The accentual patterns of words or the degrees of word stress and their positions form oppositions, e.g. 'import — im'port, 'billow — below.