Теоретическая грамматика

1. The noun: its grammatical categories

The noun denotes thingness in a general sense. Thus nouns name things (book, table), living beings (man, tiger), places (valley, London, England), materials (iron, oil), processes (life, laughter), states (sleep, consciousness), abstract notions (socialism, joy) and qualities (kindness, courage).

English nouns have 2 grammatical categories: the category of number and the category of case.

The Category Of Number

This category indicates whether one or more things is meant. Oneness is expressed by singular and more-than-oneness by plural forms.

All English nouns have form which corresponds to the structural type of the singular or plural. But not all of them have the grammatical category of number. Only count nouns are inflected for it. Only these nouns indicate whether the noun names one or more than one referent , that is ,are used in both numbers.

Grammatical numbers of English nouns are the singular and the plural. The basic form is the singular.The plural of almost all the counts is built by adding the inflexion -/e/s to the basic form /singular form/. In speech this inflexion is related in 3 variants: 

 /s/ occurs after voiceless consonants, сup-cups

 /z/ after voiced consonants and vowels, bag-bags

/iz/ after sibilants boy-boys

In nouns with the final –y preceded by a consonant –y changes into –i. The plural ending is –es

Study-studies, Lobby-lobbies

A small number of nouns have irregular plurals. They are: Man-men, Woman-woman, Goose-geese, Foot-feet, Tooth-teeth, Mouse-mice, Louse-lice, Child-children, Ox-oxen

In a number of nouns having a sound /f/ in the singular/spelled –f of –fe/ this sound changes into /v/ in the plural form and the ending –es is added. Knife-knives, Leaf-leaves, Life-lives, Loaf-loaves, Shelf-shelves, Wife-wives, Wolf-wolves

There is no change of the sound in the plural of the nouns roof,proof,safe. Both variants are found in the nouns handkerchieves /-fs/ ,hoof-hooves/hoofs/ , scarf-scarfs /ves/

The formation of the plural of nouns ending in / -o/. The plural of these nouns is built up by adding to the singular form the inflexion

/-es/ hero-heroes Negro-Negroes,tomato-tomatoes,potato-potatoes

/-s/ in: nouns ending in 2 vowels radio-radios,zoo-zoos; n-shortenings photo-photos,kilo-kilos; in musical terms of Italian origin solo-solos,piano-pianos

The Category Of Case.

Case is the inflected form of the noun indication the grammatical relation in which .the noun stands to other parts of the sentence

English nouns have a two case system: the common case/the basic form/ and the genitive case/the possessive case./

The genitive case of all singular nouns /which are used in it, of course of those plurals which don’t have the number morpheme –s / is built up by means of the morpheme –s which is added to the base form .For example: Singular: boy-boy’s, Student-student’s ; Plural man-men’s, Woman-woman’s

In the genitive of personal names ending in sibilants the morpheme –s is optional, but the apostrophe and the pronunciation /-iz/ are obligatory. For example: Common case: Burns, boz, fox         

Possessive case: Burn’s/-iz/ poems, Boz’s/-iz/ sketches, Fox’s/-iz/ articles

2. The verb: its grammatical categories