Заняття 9.

Виготовлення цегли. Brickmaking.

1. Термінологія .

2. Переклад тексту.

3. Визначення походження слів та їх переклад.

Exercise 1. . Words and expressions for the text comprehension:

brick – цеглина;

bonding agent - зв'язуючий агент;

improvement – удосконалення;

chamber – камера;

crack – тріщина;

die - штамп, пуансон, кліше;

additives – добавки;

flocculents - ущільнювачі;

grog – вогнетривкий матеріал;

scrap brick - бій цеглини;

furnace – піч;

demand – потреба;

efficiency – ефективність;

challenge – виклик;

fluorine – фтор;

kidney – нирка;

digestive – кишковий тракт;

exposure – виставляння;

requirements – вимоги.

Exercise 2. Read the text and write dоwn unknown words and terms.

Exercise 3. Translate the text.

Bricks.

The term brick refers to small units of building material, often made from fired clay and secured with mortar, a bonding agent comprising of cement, sand, and water. Long a popular material, brick retains heat, with-stands corrosion, and resists fire. Вrick has been used as a building material for at least 5,000 years.

Brickmaking improvements have continued into the twentieth century. Improvements include rendering brick shape absolutely uniform, lessening weight, and speeding up the firing process. For example, modern bricks are seldom solid. Some are pressed into shape, which leaves a frog, or depression, on their top surface. Others are extruded with holes that will later expedite the firing process by exposing a larger amount of surface area to heat. Both techniques lessen weight without reducing strength.

To produce brick, the raw materials are first crushed and ground in a jaw crusher. Next, the ingredients are formed using one of several methods. In extrusion, the pulverized ingredients are mixed togther with water, passed into a de-airing chamber (which removes the air to prevent cracking), compacted, and extruded out of a die of the desired shape.

Raw Materials

Natural clay minerals, including kaolin and shale, make up the main body of brick. Small amounts of manganese, barium, and other additives are blended with the clay to produce different shades, and barium carbonate is used to improve brick's chemical resistance to the elements. Many other additives have been used in brick, including byproducts from papermaking, ammonium compounds, wetting agents, flocculents (which cause particles to form loose clusters) and deflocculents (which disperse such clusters). Some clays require the addition of sand or grog (pre-ground, pre-fired material such as scrap brick).

A wide variety of coating materials and methods are used to produce brick of a certain color or surface texture. To create a typical coating, sand (the main component) is mechanically mixed with some type of colorant.

Before the brick is fired, it must be dried to remove excess moisture.

After forming and coating, the bricks are dried using either tunnel dryers or automatic chamber dryers. Next, bricks are loaded onto cars automatically and moved into large furnaces called tunnel kilns. Firing hardens and strengthens the brick. After cooling, the bricks are set and packaged.

Exercise 4. Put 10 questions to the text.

Exercise 5. Finish the following sentences according to the text:

1. The term brick refers … .

2. Вrick has been used as … .

3. Brickmaking improvements have … .

4. To produce brick, the raw materials … .

5. Natural clay minerals, including … .

6. A wide variety of coating materials and methods … .

7. After cooling … .