Unit 7

OIL AND GAS

OIL EXTRACTION

Oil extraction = oil production is a process of oil recovery from a well.

Vocabulary

Extract - remove or take out, especially by effort or force

establish (v)- set up on a firm or permanent basis

refinery- an industrial installation where a substance is refined

reverse-retain for future use

pump-a mechanical device using suction or pressure to raise or move liquids, compress gases, or force air into inflatable objects such as tyres

substance- the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists and which has a tangible, solid presence

viable- capable of working successfully; feasible

1. Translate the following sentences into Russian/Kazakh:

1) Mining refers to ore extraction.

2) Mining is the industrial process of removing a mineral-bearing substance from the place of its natural occurrence in the Earth’s crust.

3) The term” mining” includes the recovery of oil and gas from wells.

4) The mode of occurrence of the sought-for-metallic substance governs to a large degree the type of mining that is practiced.

5) Depending on their function mine workings are described as exploratory, if they are driven with a view to finding or proving mineral and as productive if they are used for the immediate extraction of useful mineral.

2. Match the science with the description of what it studies:

1.Palaeontology	combines all the information from different fields of geological science and makes maps.
2.Classical geology	is concerned with the study of Earth’s geological history on the basis of research of sedimentary rocks.
3.Geology	deals with observations and classification of the remains in the rocks and thus constructs their evolution.
4. Regional geology	studies the Earth history and uses technology to decode the records of rocks.
5. Stratigraphy	deals with practical application of geological knowledge.
6. Applied geology	seeks to interpret the past events in terms of the processes which are at work at present.

3. Choose the correct variant.

1. The surface of the Earth is formed by

A. endogenous forces B. exogenous forces C. both

2. Geological maps

A. show all geological information B. geological information from particular areas C. essential bases of all kinds of mining

3. In the present days, views on the Earth evolution and development of a man

A. have changed B. are not complete C. have not been determined

4. Geologists

A. input different geological events B. establish history of the Earth C. both

5. Applied geology deals with

A. practical application of geological science B. present day processes

C. geological maps of different areas

4. Discuss and comment on the following questions:

1. What does the word “geology” mean?

2. What does geology deal with?

3. What is classical geology aimed at?

4. What forces affect the Earth’s crust?

5. How do endogenous forces affect the crust?

6. What are the obvious effects of the exogenous forces?

7. What does stratigraphy deal with?

8. What is regional geology aimed at?

9. What does applied geology deal with?

5.Make your own sentences using the following expressions:

1) refer to

2) to include

3) in other words

4) the tendency

5) to contribute

6) to depend on

7) development

6. Read the text and fulfill the exercises.

MINING

Mining refers to ore extraction. Mining is the industrial process of removing a mineral-bearing substance from the place of its natural occurrence in the Earth’s crust. The term” mining” includes the recovery of oil and gas from wells; metal, non-metallic minerals, coal, peat, oil shale and other hydrocarbons from the earth.

Mining can be done either as a surface operation (quarries, opencasts or open pits) or by an underground method. The mode of occurrence of the sought-for metallic substance governs to a large degree the type of mining that is practiced. The problem of depth also affects the mining method. If the rock containing the metallic substance is at a shallow site and is massive, it may be economically excavated by a pit or quarry-like opening on the surface. If the metal-bearing mass is tabular, as a bed or vein, and goes to a great distance beneath the surface, then it will be worked by some method of underground mining. Working or exploiting the deposit means the extraction of mineral. Mine workings vary in shape, dimensions, location and function.

Depending on their function mine workings are described as exploratory to find or prove mineral and productive when used for the immediate extraction of useful mineral. Productive mining can be divided into capital investment work, development work, and face or production work. Investment work aims at ensuring access to the deposit from the surface. Development work prepares for the face work, and mineral is extracted (or produced) in bulk.

7. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1) The term “mining” includes the recovery of oil and gas from wells as coal, iron ores and other useful minerals from the earth.

2) There are only two mining methods.

3) The problem of depth also affects the mining method.