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Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова

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5. Зачет (экзамен)

Зачет (экзамен) проводится с целью проверки приобретенных студентом знаний, умений и навыков перевода в объеме требований программы за I (II) курс соответственно.

К зачету допускаются студенты, изучившие учебный материал рекомендованных учебников и учебных пособий в объеме, предусмотренном программой для I курса, успешно выполнившие и защитившие на собеседовании контрольные задания I и 2, сдавшие норму внеаудиторного чтения.

Для получения зачета студент должен:

1) уметь правильно читать и понимать без словаря учебные тексты, запланированные для изучения на первом курсе, а также упражнения и связные тексты контрольных заданий 1 и 2 ("свой вариант");

2) уметь прочитать за один час и перевести со словарем английский текст объемом 1000-1200 печатных знаков для устного перевода или 800 печатных знаков для письменного перевода;

3) уметь прочитать и понять текст, содержащий 6-8 незнакомых слов на одну страницу, и передать на русском языке содержание прочитанного;

4) знать грамматический материал контрольных заданий № I и 2 (для I курса) и № 1-4 (для II курса).

6. Техника перевода.

Перевод - это передача информации, содержащейся в речевом сообщении (устном или письменном); средствами другого языка.

К переводу предъявляется требование адекватности, т.е. в нашем случае требование точного воспроизведения на русском языке смыслового содержания английского сообщения.

При переводе английского текста на русский язык можно предложить следующую последовательность:

I. Прочитать текст полностью с целью ознакомления и постараться понять его общее содержание. И.

II. После ознакомления с общим содержанием текста следует приступить к его переводу. Читают и переводят текст по предложениям.

III. Прежде чем обращаться к словарю, следует провести грамматический анализ английского предложения. Предлагается следующая последовательность анализа:

1) в первую очередь обратить внимание на наличие внутри предложения запятых, отделяющих одну часть предложения от другой (или других);

2)определить, что заключено в каждой отдельной части предложения; с этой целью найти:

а) сказуемое (личную форму глагола), которое находится условно после подлежащего и указывает на время действия;

б) подлежащее (как правило имя существительное), которое находится перед сказуемым и не имеет никогда перед собой предлога;

3) перевести подлежащее и сказуемое;

4) затем перевести остальные слова (второстепенные члены предложения) помня о том, что:

дополнение в английском предложении всегда следует за сказуемым;

обстоятельство в английском предложении стоит либо в начале предложения до подлежащего, либо в конце предложения после дополнения;

при переводе существительного в функции определения всегда действует "правило ряда";

5) определить вид придаточного предложения, исходя из того, что придаточные предложения играют роль отдельных членов предложения и определяются по месту, которому они занимают в главном предложении.

IV. Сделать черновой вариант перевода, максимально приближенный к переводимому предложению; затем отредактировать его в соответствии с нормами русского языка. При переводе особое внимание обратить на правильность порядка слов в русском предложении.

V. Обращаясь к словарю, нужно помнить, что слова могут иметь несколько значений. Выбирать следует только то, которое подходит по смыслу в данном предложении и тексте.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 1

Для того, чтобы правильно выполнить контрольное задание № I, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику.

1. Имя существительное. Множественное число имени существительного. Артикли и предлоги как показатели имени существительного. Выражение падежных отношений в английском языке с помощью предлогов и окончания -s . Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.

2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных.

3. Числительное

4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные, неопределенные и отрицательные.

5. Глагол. Спряжение глаголов в Active Voice и Passive Voice. функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.

6. Предложение. Простое и сложное предложения. Сложносочиненное и сложноподчинённое предложения. Прямой порядок слов повествовательного и побудительного предложений в утвердительной и отрицательной формах. Обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения.

Образец выполнения контрольного задания № 1

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите функцию глагола to be. Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

He is lecturing now on physics. Он сейчас читает лекции по физике.

is lecturing _ вспомогательный глагол для образования Continuous Tense

II. Перепишите предложения. Определите функцию глагола to have . Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

She has used a new method in her work. Она использовала новый метод в своей работе.

Has used - вспомогательный глагол для образования Perfect Tense

III. Перепишите предложения. Определите функцию глагола to hawe . Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

Не did help me. Он действительно помог мне.

did help - усилитель последующего глагола.

ВАРИАНТ № 1

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите функцию глагола to be: а) смысловой глагол; б) глагол-связка в составном именном сказуемом; в) вспомогательный глагол для образования Continuous Tense; г) вспомогательный глагол для образования Passive Voice; д) эквивалент модального глагола для выражения долженствования. Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

In some cases radio is the only means of communication .
Laboratories are to be equipped with modern devices.
The new system of colour television is developing very quickly.
Mail delivery is on a house-to-house basis.
At present radio transmission is used for a variety of purposes

II. Перепишите предложения. Определите функцию глагола to have : а) смысловой глагол; б) вспомогательный глагол для образования Perfect Tanse ; в) эквивалент модального глагола для выражения долженствования. Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

Metals have a positive temperature coefficient.
He had to analyze the results of the experiment.
Transport and communications have always progressed together.

III. Перепишите предложения. Определите функцию глагола to do: а) смысловой глагол; б) вспомогательный глагол в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях; в) усилитель последующего глагола; г) заменитель предыдущего глагола. Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

These systems do differ considerably.
Do you take these factors into consideration in determining space-ship velocity? Yes, we do.
Scientists do everything possible to expand our knowledge of space.

IV. Прочтите и письменно переведите текст.

TELEVISION TRANSMISSION

The movement of the electron beam in the television tube must be strictly synchronous and in phase with the electron beam of the camera tube. This phasing is accomplished by transmitting special sync pulses provided by a synchronization generator. These sync pulses control the scan of the camera tube and are transmitted along with the picture signals. At the receiver, these sync pulses are extracted from the composite video signal and used to control the operation of the scan. In television broadcasting, the sound signal is transmitted simultaneously with the video signal. The audio signal from a microphone is amplified and used to frequency-modulate the sound channel carrier. Both transmitters feed one common aerial through a special coupling filter. The receiver aerial picks up both the sound and vision BP signals. After amplification the sound signal is separated from the composite signal, amplified, and used to drive a loudspeaker.

ВАРИАНТ № 2

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите функцию глагола to be: а) смысловой глагол; б) глагол-связка в составном именном сказуемом; в) вспомогательный глагол для образования Continuous Tense ; г) вспомогательный глагол для образования Passive Voice; д) эквивалент модального глагола для выражения долженствования. Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

The world's first radio receiver was built by Popov.
The spacing between repeaters is to be maximized.
Television is rapidly developing into one of the most popular means of conveying information.
An electric circuit is a path along which an electric curent flows.
Many scientific centers are in the East of our country.

II. Перепишите предложения. Определите функцию глагола to have: а) смысловой глагол; б) вспомогательный глагол для образования Perfect Tanse; в) эквивалент модального глагола для выражения долженствования. Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

To design electronic computera we had to pass from radio valves to transistors.
All these systems have electronic components.
We have tried different approaches to overcome these difficulties.

Do you study the fundamentals of TV transmission? Yes, we do.
Radio communication does play an important part in our life.
Engineers did much to make space flights possible.

IV. Прочтите и письменно переведите текст.

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT RELATIONS

A transformer cannot deliver more power to its secondary load than it takes from the primary source of power, since this would be to violate the principle of conservation of energy. Hence we find that transforming a given voltage to a new value causes an inverse transformation in the current delivered to the load as compared to that taken from the line. For example a transformer with a secondary -to-primary voltage ratio of 5 will have a current ratio of 1/5, which means that the primary current will be five times that of the secondary current. A voltage ratio of leas than unity gives a corresponding increase in secondary-to-primary current ratio. Actually these ratios are not exact, since the transformer will have some losses both in the wire and in the iron core, and this additional loss appears as the power taken by the primary which is not available for the secondary load. The efficiency, or ratio of power delivered to the load to power taken from the line of small transformers may vary between 60% and 90%, depending upon the design.

ВАРИАНТ № 3

Many automated control systems are to be introduced in industry.
Radio broadcasting is a variety of radio communication in which the transmitted signals are intended for a large number of listeners.
These components are now in production.
Oceans and seas are crossed by submarine cables.
Highly reliable receivers are contributing to the successful operation on earth stations.

II. Перепишите предложения. Определите функцию глагола to have : а/смысловой глагол; б/вспомогательный глагол для образования Perfect Tense ; в/эквивалент модального глагола для выражения долженствования. Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

The voltage has to be very high if the wires are not thick.
Many foreign scientists from different countries have visited our institute.
Radio electronics in space communications has a great future.

III. Перепишите предложения. Определите функцию глагола to do: а/смысловой глагол; б/вспомогательный глагол в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях; в/усилитель последующего глагола; г/заменитель предыдущего глагола. Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

These methods do improve the image quality.
Do radioengineering and television find use in our national economy? Yes, they do.
The computer did the work with lightning speed.

IV. Прочтите и письменно переведите следующий текст.

DEMONSTRATION OP COLOUB TELEVISION

The SECAM receiver which was demonstrated was operated from a fully encoded SECAM signal of 625 lines, which employed frequency modulation of the subcarrier.

The SECAM signal is similar to the NTS С signal in that a luminance and two bandwidth limited colour difference signals are used, together with a subcarrier. However, while NTSC is known to use two subcarriers in phase quadrature, SECAM uses only one subcarrier which at any instant carries only one of the difference signals. (Many advantages are gained by frequency, rather than amplitude, modulation of the subcarrier). The SECAM encoder transmits red and blue difference signals alternately at line rate - that is, during one line R - X is transmitted, during the next, В - Y, and so on. At the receiver the subcarrier is demodulated by a conventional discriminator whose output is either R - Y, or В - Y. In addition, the subcarrier is delayed by one line period (64 sec) before being applied to a second f.m. discriminator whose output is therefore В - Y or R - Y. Thus, while R - Y, for example, is being transmitted and received by a direct path, the В - Y signal from the preceding line is available at the receiver from the delayed output. An electronic switch at the receiver enables R - Y and В - Y to be presented to the display, and of course G - Y can be derived from these.

SECAM has many advantages over HTSC, which can be indicated only very briefly here. Thus, no reinsertion oscillator is required at the receiver, and while a long delay is necessary, this is quite easily achieved by means of a fused silica block in which the signal is reflected from face to face. Receiver circuits are therefore simplified and better stability can be obtained.

Additionally the SECAM subcarrier signal can be very easily handled by link systems, studio switching processes, and monochrome video recorders, for it is not affected by phase or amplitude distortions.

ВАРИАНТ № 4

The first semiconductor transistor was developed in 1948.
The main requirements of a broadcast receiver are reliability and simplicity of adjustment.
We are to use different antennas in this case.
We are studying fundamentals of electricity.
The biggest broadcasting station in the USSR is in Moscow.

II. Перепишите предложения. Определите функцию глагола to have: а/смысловой глагол; б/вспомогательный глагол для образования Perfect Tense; в/эквивалент модального

глагола для выражения долженствования. Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

Transmitters in this system have to be small in size.
This satellite has a capacity of 250 telephone circuits.
Our laboratory has developed two new devices.

Modern radio engineering semiconductors do have advantages over electron valves.
Do we use satellites as radio repeaters? Yes, we do.
Cosmonauts do special physical exercises to maintain normal physiological and psychological states.

IV. Прочтите и письменно переведите следующий текст.

RADIO COMMUNICATION.

Radio communication is the transfer of high-frequency energy from the transmitters to the receiver without wires. Radio is a device that receiver and transmits signals and programmes by electromagnetic waves. Since the process of radio communication includes transmission and reception of signals, the necessary components of radio are a transmitter and a receiver.

The transmitter is a device that produces radio-frequency energy. The main parts of a transmitter are a high-frequency oscillator including an oscillator including an oscillatory circuit and one or a few amplifiers.

The receiver is a device that receives waves sent out by a transmitter. Radio receivers demodulate these waves which are then heard as speech, music or signals.

Electric oscillations produced in the antenna of the transmitter travel in all directions. Radio waves are waves of very high frequency; they travel through space of light. They differ from other wave forms only in frequency.

ВАРИАНТ № 5

Radio waves are used for transmission of moving and stationary images.
The chief characteristics of a wave are its amplitude and wavelength.
Scientists from different countries are cooperating in their research and peaceful application of their discoveries.
A lot of communication satellites are to be launched for experimental purposes.
The satellite is in orbit.

II. Перепишите предложения. Определите функцию глагола to have : а) смысловой глагол; б) вспомогательный глагол для образования Perfect Tense; в) эквивалент модального глагола для выражения долженствования. Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

Satellites have to carry all kinds of communications, including television.
The new satellites have improved our ability to communicate.
A colour video signal has three colour components.

III. Перепишите предложения . Определите функцию глагола to do : а) смысловой глагол; б) вспомогательный глагол в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях; в) усилитель последующего глагола; г) заменитель предыдущего глагола. Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

Metals do conduct electricity better than semiconductors.
We did all we could to improve the image quality.
Does the camera tube convert optical images into electrical signals? Yes, it does.

IV. Прочтите и письменно переведите следующий текст.

TELEVISION

Television is a branch of telecommunications which provides for the simultaneous transmission and reception of sound and video signals. In a television system two separate transmitters are employed - one for the sound channel and the other for the picture channel. The sound transmitter is frequency-modulated and simultaneously transmits the sound which accompanies the image. Each transmitter has its own antenna.

The image is received by the television camera, which converts optical images into electrical impulses. These electrical impulses are amplified by the video, or picture, amplifier. The high-frequency video signal is modulated by the high-frequency carrier of the television transmitter and is radiated into space by the aerial. The picture carrier is amplitude-modulated.

The antenna receives both picture and sound signals which are then amplified and separated. After that they reach the kinescope and the loudspeaker respectively.

It is impossible to overestimate the part played by television in our life and in various fields of the national economy.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 2

Для того, чтобы правильно выполнить контрольное задание № 2, необходимо повторить грамматический материал, указанный для контрольного задания № I, и усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

Причастие, его формы и функции.
Герундий и его функции.
Сравнительная конструкция the ... the ...
Усилительная (эмфатическая) конструкция it is/was that/who

Образец выполнения контрольного задания № 2

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите функцию слов, оканчивающихся на-ing . Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык

Testing the engina the engineer Испытывая двигатель, инженер applied new methods. применил новые методы.

Testing - Participle 1 в функции обстоятельства.

II. Перепишите предложения. Определите функцию слов с суффиксом _ ed . Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

The paper published in this maga- Статья, опубликованная в

zine is very important. этом журнале, очень важна.

Published - Participle II в функции определения.

ВАРИАНТ № 1

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите функцию слов, оканчивающихся на –ing: а) причастие в функции определения; б) причастие в Функции обстоятельства; в) причастие, входящее в состав временной формы Continuous; г) герундий. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

The scope of scientific information is growing very fast.
The system is capable of transmitting a large number of telephone calls.
Conductors are materials having a low resistance so that currents easily pass through them .
Working with electricity it is important to be careful

II. Перепишите предложения. Определите, что представляют собой слова с суффиксом –ed: личную форму глагола в Past Indefinite или причастие прошедшего времени в функции: а) части простого сказуемого, выраженного глаголом в страдательном залоге; б) части определения, выраженного причастным оборотом; в) определения, расположенного перед определяемым словом. Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

Radio navigation is a method of piloting aircraft and ships with the help of radio telegraph and radio telephone signals radiated by ground radio stations.
Radio telegraph signals can be reproduced with the help of a telephone receiver.
The power of the received signals is usually very low.
Science and technology achieved great progress in space research,

III. Перепишите и переведите письменно на русский язык предложение.

The lower the resistance of a material, the more current capass through it.

IV. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст.

COLOUR TELEVISION

Colour television is the transmission and reception of images in full colour. A colour television system can provide for the reception of both colour (on colour receivers) and black and white (on monochrome receivers) programs. Colour receivers can also receive monochrome pictures when they are transmitted.

Colour transmission contains two basic components – brightness information and colour information. It is red, green and blue that are chosen for colour TV transmission.

Colour television signals can be transmitted over the same distance as monochrome television signals since for their transmission the same radio frequency carrier range is used.

A colour television receiver consumes more power than a black-and-white receiver, it is more complex and requires more qualified servicing. It is practically impossible to convert a black-and-white receiver to receive colour programmes. On the contrary, if a colour television receiver is tuned to the frequency of a monochrome transmitter, it reproduces monochrome transmissions.

ВАРИАНТ № 2

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите функцию слов, оканчивающихся на -ing: а) причастие в функции определения; б) причастие в функции обстоятельства; в) причастие, входящее в состав временной формы Continuous ; г) герундий. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Since electrical telegraph communication began in 1837, there have bean developed many machines using various codes.
Passing through a conductor the current heats it.
This is a sorting machine which can be used for parcel sorting.
The scope of research is growing year after year.

II. Перепишите предложения. Определите, что представляют собой слова с суффиксом -ed: личную форму глагола в Past Indefinite или причастие прошедшего времени в функции: а) части простого сказуемого, выраженного глаголом в страдательном залоге; б) части определения, выраженного причастным оборотом; в) определения, расположенного перед определяемым словом. Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

These experiments provided data necessary for the completion of our research.
The unusual state of matter at very low temperatures was called superconductivity.
The modulated signals, emitted by the transmitting aerial as electromagnetic waves, propagate in space with the speed of light.
They used instruments of improved design.

III. Перепишите предложение и переведите его письменно на русский язык.

The hotter the conductor, the greater its resistance.

IV. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст.

RECEIVER CHARACTERISTICS. RADIO RECEIVERS

Sensitivity determines the minimum signal strength to which the receiver will respond. It is measured quantitatively in terms of the input voltage or power required to give a standard output. Therefore, the receiver with the smallest value of this input is the most sensitive.

Selectivity is the degree to which the receiver is capable of differentiating between the desired signal and signals of other carrier frequencies. Selectivity depends on the design of the receiver, on its antenna and ground, on the quality of the material.

Stability of a receiver is its ability «to stay» on a signal under varying conditions of gain-control setting, temperature, supply-voltage changes and mechanical shock and distortion.

Detection is the process of recovering the modulation from a signal. Any device that is «nonlinear» (i.e. whose output is not proportional to its input) will act as a detector.

Every radio receiver, no matter how complex it may be, consists of only four essential parts. They are:

the aerial-ground system, which collects the radio waves;

the tuner, which selects the radio waves (or stations) to be received and rejects all others;

the detector, which changes the energy of the radio wave to a form whereby it can operate the reproducer;

the reproducer, the device which changes the energy of the radio waves to a form which our senses can perceive.

This holds true for all receiving sets, from the simplest crystal set to the most complex television receiver, everything else in the receiver being merely a refinement of these four essential parts.

ВАРИАНТ № 3

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите функцию слов, оканчивающихся на-ing: а) причастие в функции определения; б) причастие в функции обстоятельства; в) причастие, входящее в состав временной формы Continuous; г) герундий. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

The cost of sending a telegram depends on the number of words in it.
The atmospheric humidity is one of the most important factors influencing radio reception.
Using this machine we raised labour productivity.
Research programmes are becoming more and more complex year after year.

II. Перепишите предложения. Определите, что представляют собой слова с суффиксом -ed: личную форму глагола в Past indefinite или причастие прошедшего времени в функции: а) части простого сказуемого, выраженного глаголом в страдательном залоге; б) части определения, выраженного причастным оборотом; в) определения, расположенного перед определяемым словом. Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

In a transmitter signals may be modulated in amplitude, frequency or phase.
Scientists proposed a. new method to study these phenomena.
The value of voltage applied to the input determines the output voltage.
The number of required channels depends on the number of users.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите его письменно на русский язык.

The more satellites scientists launch into space, the easier it will be to assemble orbital observatories.

IV. Прочтите и письменно переведите следующий текст.

FROM THE HISTORY OF TELEPHONY

The telephone was invented in 1876. The construction of the first telephone was very simple: a wire with a ground provided the connection.

Later development of the telephone changed its construction, it became more complex. Transmitters and receivers were separated and auxiliary elements were used in its circuit to provide for the better transmission of speech.

The need to connect any two of a large number of telephone sets led to the development of a switchboard in 1878, the advantage of a central switching office with a switchboard was very great. It was in 1889 that telephone sets were first interconnected automatically. Further development improved the switching system and made it more complex. Central offices grew in number.

Nowadays central offices are connected to long-distance offices by connecting trunks; long-distance offices are, in turn interconnected by intercity trunks. Most countries of the world use dial switching systems both for local and intercity service.

ВАРИАНТ № 4

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите функцию слов, оканчивающихся на -ing: а) причастие в функции определения; б) причастие в функции обстоятельства; в) причастие, входящее в состав временной группы Continuous; г) герундий. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Telegraphy is a method of transmitting messages over a distance by means of electrical impulses sent through wires.
A magnetic field is surrounding any wire carrying electric current.
High sensitivity of a radio reciever depends upon the amplifying properties of all the reciever stages.
Using this device we obtained better results.

II. Перепишите предложения. Определите, что представляют собой слова с суффиксом ed: личную форму глагола в past Indefinite или причастие прошедшего времени в функции: а) части простого сказуемого, выраженного глаголом в страдательном залоге; б) части определения, выраженного причастным оборотом; в) определения, расположенного перед определяемым словом. Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

The telegraph set constructed by Morse was the first set intended for practical use.
A low-frequency amplifier is intended for amplification of electrical oscillations.
Michael Faraday discovered induced electric current.
Integrated circuits are widely used nowadays.

III. Перепишите и переведите письменно на русский язык предложение.

The larger the number of electrons in a metal, the greater its conductivity.

IV. Прочтите и письменно переведите следующий текст.

RECEIVER CHARACTERISTICS. RADIO RECEIVERS

Classification. Radio receivers may be classified according to their operating principles: 1) tuned radio frequency; 2) regenerative; 3) superheterodyne; 4) superregenerative.

Tuned-radio-frequency receivers (t-r-f) are those which obtain their selectivity and r-f amplification merely through the use of selective circuits and tubes which function at the frequency of the incoming signal.

Regenerative receivers have many limitations and there - fore they have largely passed out of use.

In the superheterodyne receiver the signal voltage is combined with a local oscillator voltage and converted into a new signal with the same modulation but a lower («intermediate») carrier frequency, which is then amplified and detected to reproduce the original modulation. The superheterodyne has the essential components of a t-r-f receiver, and in addition it has a frequency converter and an i-f amplifier. The frequency converter consists of an oscillator and a modulator. The oscillator and the t-r-f circuits are usually tuned simultaneously by means of a gang capacitor or a gang inductor.

The advantages of the superheterodyne make it the most suitable type for the great majority of radio services.

ВАРИАНТ № 5

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите функцию слов, оканчивающихся на -ing: а) причастие в функции определения; б) причастие в функции обстоятельства; в) причастие, входящее в состав временной формы Continuous; г) герундий. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

The non-conducting material separating the plates is called dielectric.
Frequency-modulation presents an affective way of increasing the signal-to-noise rate at the receiver.
We are always trying to improve the quality of the transmitted signal.
Flowing through a conductor the alternating current reverses its direction at regular intervals.

Sensitivity is measured in microvolts.
Radio equipment installed in aircraft operates under very difficult conditions.
Radio transmitters usually radiate modulated signals.
Satellites established communications with mobile objects.

III. Перепишите и переведите письменно на русский язык предложение.

The larger the area of the ground antenna, the better the system.

IV. Прочтите и письменно переведите следующий текст.

SATELLITE AS RADIO REPEATER

A typical communication satellite has a number of transponders or repeaters, each provides a channel of information. Every transponder consists of a receiver tuned to a channel, or range, of frequencies lying in the uplink band of frequencies; a frequency shifter to lower the received microwaves to a downlink range of frequencies, and a power amplifier to produce an adequate microwave output power. The number of channels indicates the communication capacity of a satellite. Usually, one channel can carry a colour television signal or 1,200) telephone voice signals in one direction.

Electromagnetic waves are attenuated in passing through the ionosphere and the lower atmosphere. It is because of this that for satellite communication with Earth stations only low microwave frequencies are suitable. Three major frequency bands have been assigned for satellite communication. Bach band is used for an uplink (Earth-to-satellite) and a downlink (satellite-to-Earth station path.) The lower frequency is chosen for the more difficult downlink path because rain and atmospheric attenuation are less at lower frequencies.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 3

Для того, чтобы правильно выполнить контрольное задание № 3, необходимо повторить грамматический материал, указанный для контрольных заданий № I-2, обратив особое внимание на спряжение глаголов в Active Voice и Passive Voice, и усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Конструкции с неличными формами глагола, в том числе:

субъектный инфинитивный оборот (конструкция "подлежащее с инфинитивом"); объектный инфинитивный оборот (конструкция "дополнение с инфинитивом"); независимый (абсолютный) причастный оборот; герундиальный оборот.

2.Значение слов it, one, that и их перевод.

Образец выполнения контрольного задания № 3

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите, чем выражено каждое сказуемое. Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

Electronics really began when the valve was invented.

Электроника по-настоящему началась тогда, когда была изобретена электронная лампа.

Past Indefinite, Active Voice

Past Indefinite, Passive Voice

II. Перепишите предложения. Назовите подчеркнутую конструкцию с неличной формой глагола и переведите предложение.

The result of a computation is said to involve error if the геsuit slightly differs from the solution.

Говорят, что результат вычисления содержит ошибку, если он не много отличается от правильного решения.

Субъектный инфинитивный оборот

ВАРИАНТ № 1

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите, чем выражено каждое cказуемое (время, группа и залог глагола). Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

Over the last decade significant improvements have been made in the quality of reception.
The productivity of labour has been rising steadily since the new methods were introduced.
More than 300 transistors will be used in the equipment.

II. Перепишите предложения. Назовите подчеркнутую английскую синтаксическую конструкцию с неличной формой глагола. Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

These stations are known to have powerful transmitters.
Telecommunications can increase the efficiency of the economy, the effectiveness of social and medical service being also improved.
We know of the postal service being the oldest type of communications.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их письменно на русский язык, учитывая изменение значения слов it, one, that в зависимости от выполняемых ими грамматических функций.

It was the addition of the third element, the grid, that made the tube usable as an amplifier.
Sometimes telephone messages can be received quicker than telegraph ones.
To understand this problem one should read a lot.

IV. Прочтите и письменно переведите следующий текст.

TRANSISTORS

In growing number of applications transistors have come to take over the work that was previously done by valves. They have many advantages: they are smaller, work on lower voltages and as they have no filament they require no battery. But although their action is to some extent analogous to that of a valve, they cannot be substituted for a valve in any given circuit. They are not well suited to replace the valve in the radio control receivers, but they are widely used for adding one or two amplifier stages to those receivers in order to give more powerful receiver action. There are various types of transistors. We shall confine ourselves to the type that is most widely used in these particular applications. This is the p-n-p-junction transistor. A transistor of this type consists of a single piece of crystal that is made up of three layers. These are marked p1 n and p2. The layers p1 and p2 are made of a germanium alloy in which at any time a large number of molecules are short of electrons. The absence of a required electron in such a molecule may be considered as a positive «hole». The molecule having a «hole» may rob a nearby molecule of an electron and leave this molecule with a «hole». Thus, the holes may migrate through the material. The central layer n is made of different germanium alloy in which there is usually a surplus of electrons, so that at any time there are a considerable number of free electrons drifted about. This negative layer is only a few thousandth of an inch thick and is called the «junction». Terminals are attached to each of the three layers and are called the emitter, base and collector terminals respectively.

ВАРИАНТ № 2

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите, чем выражено каждое сказуемое (время, группа и залог глагола). Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

In recent years much attention has been paid to the automation of television networks.
In the early days of telegraphy direct current was used.
The use of electronics will expand the limits of communication.

We know of his using computers to process information.
This method is expected to be used in TV broadcasting.
A satellite system being used in our country, we improved the effectiveness of emergency service.

The new devices have a number of advantages over the old ones,
It is a radio communication system that connects the USSR with many countries in the world.
This method is more efficient than that one.

IV. Прочтите и письменно переведите следующий текст.

SKANING

Television images are known to be dissected and reassembled by a process called scanning. Variations is light and shade are arranged in parallel horizontal lines filling the picture area» These variations are explored from left to right, and signals are generated which correspond to the degree of light and shade along the line. When the first line is scanned, another line below is similarly covered, and so on, until the bottom of the picture is reached. In some cases picture elements may be made of dots, but in the present systems no dot structures are observed.

Bach line of the television picture is separated from the line above and the line below by a blank space of the same height as the line itself. The blank spaces are filled in during the successive scanning of the picture area. Thus two sets of lines are interplaced one within the other. These two sets of lines being scanned, all values of light and shade over the whole area of the picture are translated into a succession of electrical impulses. The picture is scanned by methods described above in order to minimize flickering in the image.

ВАРИАНТ № 3

Both the telephone and the telegraph are widely used in all fields of human activity.
For many years scientists have been investigating X-ray emission from mysterious sources in space.
The laboratory will have developed an improved telephone set by the end of the year.

There exist many means of improving the quality of telecommunication, optical fibres being one of them.
Radio communication is known to play an important role in our life.
We know of silver and copper being good conductors of electricity.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их письменно на русский язык, учитывая изменение значения слов it,one,that в зависимости от выполняемых ими грамматических функций.

One can say that optoelectric properties of transistors are largely used in TV sets and night-sight devices.
It is the action of the grid in an electronic tube that enables it to act as an amplifier of small voltages and currents.
The speed of computer data processing cannot be compared to that of adding machines.

IV. Прочтите и письменно переведите следующий текст.

History of Television

Television is, of course, an art involving the practical application of scientific principles and, in common with other arts of this kind, it is not possible to specify a point in time when television began, especially as many of the essential principles utilized in television are of much wider application.

Historical Development. The year 1873 is usually taken as the first significant date in the history of television. In that year an operator named May at a submarine-telegraph station in Ireland noticed a slight inconsistency in the selenium resistors of his testing apparatus and from this proved that the resistance of selenium changes according to the amount of light falling on it. Scientists in many parts of the world saw in this the key to the transmission of picture, but in point of fact virtually no practical progress was achieved for more than a decade.

Early Forms of Scanning. Clearly it was essential to break up scene into a number of small areas or «picture elements» and to transmit information about the brightness of each individually. For a picture with any reasonable amount of details the number of elements is large, and it is not practicable to use so many separate wires of radio circuits for the purpose. The solution was to send the information about the individual elements one after another over a single circuit and to build up the picture at the receiving end. This process is called «scanning» and in 1884 a practical means of scanning was invented by Nipkow, who used a rotating disc pierced with a row of small holes in a spiral pattern, arranged in such a manner that the scene was effectively divided into a number of narrow strips and each strip was explored sequentially.

ВАРИАНТ № 4

We have been testing new equipment which carries a great deal of conversation's at the same time
The development of digital technology for communication purposes is being studied with great interest.
The study of sound waves has shown that they travel through the air.

Different systems have been used for this purpose, satellite systems being more reliable than terrestrial ones.
We insist on the experiment being made.
A television system is considered to possess means for transmitting sound synchronously with visual images.

Our new laboratory is equipped better than the old one.
It is by means of radio that we receive most of the information collected by satellites in space.
The quality of transmission in radio relay systems is as good as that of the best line communication.

IV. Прочтите и письменно переведите следующий текст.

Colour Television

A practical colour-television receiver requires a picture tube that is capable of producing any combination of red, green, and blue by application of appropriate voltages. Two types of tubes that successfully achieve this result are the shadow-mask and the Chromatron tubes. Let's see one of them.

Shadow-mask Colour Tube. In the shadow-mask tube three spaced electron guns in the neck of the cathode-ray tube provide three separately controllable beams, one for each primary colour. These guns are so aligned that their beams cross at a moderate distance from the fluorescent screen. At the plane of the crossover is a thin metal sheet or shadow mask perforated with several hundred thousand very fine holes. This viewing screen is a glass plate upon which closely spaced groups of phosphor-dot trios are deposited. Each trio is associated with a particular hole in the shadow mask, and consists of three dots of phosphor that respectively emit red, green, and blue light when struck by electrons. The alignment and geometry are such that the electrons from the «red» gun can strike only red emitting dots, and are prevented by the shadow mask from striking the other dots. Similarly, the electrons from the «green» gun can strike only dots that emit green light, while electrons from the «blue» gun can strike only those dots that emit blue light. By separately controlling the number of electrons produced by each gun, the proportions of red, green, and blue light originating with any trio can be varied at will. If the viewing distance is then great enough so that the separate dots of the trio cannot be resolved the eye will perceive a colour determined by the proportions of red, green, and blue light originating from the trio. By deflecting the three beams together, it is possible to scan the surface of the fluorescent screen and thus produce a coloured picture, scene.

ВАРИАНТ № 5

Extensive research is now being made in electronics.
The system has been used only for emergency communication.
A new machine was invented both to receive and to transmit messages with greater speed.

International telephone calls are known to be very expensive.
We insist on his repeating the experiment to control the results.
The inductance of a coil depends on several factors, the chief of them Ьеing the number of turns and the cross-sectional area of the coil.

Using alternating current, one can use the same line to send many messages at the same time.
It was Samuel Morse who made a code for the whole alphabet and the numbers from 0 to 9.
This characteristic is similar to that of the standard semiconductor diode.

IV. Прочтите и письменно переведите следующий текст.

COMPUTER

A computer is a machine that works according to a program (set of instructions) to carry out "tasks" on data (information) that has been given or entered in, to it. The tasks can be, for example, calculations with numbers, the compilation of information from data stored within the computer (such as the payment records of a company's customers), or the recognition of shapes contained in pictures or of patterns contained in music.

Computers can work out and present their results very quickly indeed, and normally the results are exactly correct. Because computers are electronic machines, they have few moving parts (compared to a car engine, for example). Therefore computers are extremely reliable, in spite of being so complex. Most computers can carry out a very wide range of tasks and can easily switch from one job to another. They can perform amazing feats of calculation, far beyond human mental ability, and can carry out simple tasks over and over again without ever making a mistake. Computers have taken over many dull and repetitive jobs in offices and factories that used to be done by hand.

Then steam engines and factory machines were invented, they gave people much greater physical power to do things. The development of computers in the late 20th century have given us greater mental power. Computers can "think" and remember things for us, and have altered how we live and work. This change is sometimes called the "computer revolution".

The field of computers is a scene of rapid development. Advances are being made all the time: the change is so rapid that the nature of computers can alter fundamentally in only a few years. This article describes in very general terms what a computer is, how it works, and how it has developed.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 4

Для того, чтобы правильно выполнить контрольное задание № 4, необходимо повторить грамматический материал всего курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику, обратив особое внимание на следующие, разделы:

сравнительные конструкции;
инфинитив в функции определения;
инфинитив в функции обстоятельства;
независимый (абсолютный) причастный оборот;
причастие в функции обстоятельства;
герундий в функции подлежащего; - условные предложения;
инверсия в условных предложениях;
объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты.

ВАРИАНТ № 1

I. Перепишите и переведите письменно на русский язык следующие предложения:

The letters of the alphabet, numbers and some punctuatior symbols in Morse code are known to be represented by a series of and dashes.
With the equipment at a telephone exchange being both inadequate and defective, service suffers.
We suppose the system to be out of order.
We have been discussing the results of your research for an
There are many problems to be solved.
If we were to extend and upgrade the original network, we should replace manual by automatic exchanges.
Using a telecommunication system as a channel for education is quite possible.
Recent advances in technology now enable reliable communications to be extended to any village or remote island.
The more efficient telecommunications networks, the higher the level of development of a country.

II. Прочтите и письменно переведите следующий текст.

HOW A COMPUTER WORKS

All computers, no matter how large or powerful, work in basically the same way. They have four units, or parts: the central processing unit; the input unit; the memory unit; and the output unit.

The brain of the computer, which does the calculation and data processing, is the central processing unit (CPU). The other three units are connected to it. The input unit is the part of the computer that is used to feed it with data — that is, the numbers, words or other kinds of things that it needs to work on in order to perform a calculation or some other operation. New data is usually «entered» using a keyboard, which is the most common input unit, while previously keyed data is often «loaded» from a tape cassette or floppy disk. The input data is received by the CPU and passed to the computer's memory unit, where it is stored ready for use by the CPU. The memory unit also contains a set of instructions. The CPU takes the data and the instructions from the memory and follows the instructions to carry out an operation (such as a calculation) using the data. This produces a result from the data which goes back to the memory until it is needed. Then, the CPU extracts the result and sends it to the last unit, which is the output unit. The output unit may be a monitor, printer, or a device for storing the information or for transmitting it to another computer.

The set of instructions that makes the CPU operate in a particular way is called a program. Different programs can be fed into the computer's memory to make the computer carry out different tasks. A home computer, for example, can be programmed to make calculations, play games, test a person's knowledge of particular subjects, keep lists of telephone numbers, and so on. The input unit of a home computer may be a keyboard or joystick, and the output unit may be a monitor or printer. In addition, most home computers have a tape or disk unit, which may be used to input data and to allow storage of data that is output Typically, a program previously recorded on a magnetic tape or disk is loaded into the computer by playing it on the appropriate unit. The data for the program to work may then be entered on the keyboard. The CPU then follows the program instructions, and sends the result to the monitor or printer.

Computers can perform an amazing variety of actions. They can handle numbers or words with ease, understand voices, read writing, recognize faces, and even sense a change in temperature. They can act on this data and display the result in a wide variety of ways: by producing moving images on a screen; drawing diagrams on paper; speaking to us using an electronically synthesized (constructed) voice; and operating machines; as well as by printing out numbers and words. How can one kind of machine do all these things?

ВАРИАНТ № 2

I. Перепишите и переведите письменно на русский язык следующие предложения:

Noise is known to be an important concept in communication theory.
A number of tests have shown transistors to be very sensitive.
Now any village has a reliable communication service, telephone communication playing a vital role in emergency and in health service.
If the equipment at a telephone exchange were inadequate and defective, service would suffer.
Successful efforts to create efficient telephone networks were made.
In many developing countries priority has been given to agriculture, health, education rather than telecommunications.
The article to be translated is very difficult.
Extending the telephone network into remote regions is essential.
The greater conductivity the substance has, the less is its resistance.

II. Прочтите и переведите письменно следующий текст.

KINDS OF COMPUTER

There are four main kinds of computer: supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers.

Supercomputers are the largest, fastest, and most powerful computers. There are only a few hundred of them in the world. They consist of several processors, each of which can work on a different part of a task at the same time and at the rate of millions of instructions per second. They are used for extremely complicated calculations, usually for scientific or military purposes. Weather forecasting, where a mass of data has to be processed quickly, is a good example of where a super- computer can be helpful. Data on temperature, pressure, windspeed and direction, rainfall, and cloud cover is collected from a large number of sites, and the computer sorts it, compares it with data in its memory, and makes predictions.

Mainframes are large, powerful, general-purpose computers with a wide range of input, output, processing, and storage facilities. Like supercomputers they usually require special air-conditioned rooms. A typical mainframe computer will be found in a big organization such as a large company or government department. It will be run by several people and will be used to keep records of such things as staff salaries and accounts. Mainframes carry out different jobs at the same time by switching rapidly from one to another and doing a little bit of each at a time.

Minicomputers are smaller versions of mainframes. They are found in smaller organizations and can be operated by one or two people. A typical mini-system might have 50 terminals and a few printers. It will have a large amount of storage space.

Microcomputers (micros) are the smallest computer. They are cheap, but relatively slow, and have limited memory compared with other computers. A microcomputer's CPU fits on to a single small chip. They are used in small businesses, schools, and at home.

Micros can be divided into two categories: desktop and portable. Desktop micros (some-times called personal computers) are particularly useful for routine business work, such as word processing and accounting. They can work on their own or be linked together to form a network. Small, home micros usually cheaper than business micros, and are sometimes used for playing games. Portable micros are small and light enough to carry around, and can be powered by batteries.

ВАРИАНТ № 3

I. Перепишите и переведите письменно на русский язык следующие предложения:

Telecommunications have been reducing the need to write letters.
Telephone service is known to be a reliable means of telecommunications.
We assume communication theory to deal primarily with systems transmitting information or data from one point to another.
The noise within a receiver comes irom several sources, the most important being the converter, the local oscillator ax the amplifier.
This method is no better than the one we have been using all these years
Radiobroadcasting would be impossible without electronics.
We know telephone service to remain unsatisfactory in most developing countries.
The new method to be discussed by our engineers was worked out only recently.
The more stages of radio frequency amplification the ceiver contains, the greater will be its sensitivity provided that these stages really amplify.

II. Прочтите и переведите письменно следующий теист.

COMPUTER CODES

Inside a computer, every piece of data, every instruction, and every result is in a code. This code is called binary code, and uses the binary number system (see BINARY SYSTEM). Unlike the decimal system, which has ten digits, or numerals, from 0 to 9, the binary system has only two digits, 0 and 1. In computer terminology, binary digits are called «bits». The binary system is used because the digits 0 and 1 can easily be represented by the absence or presence of a simple electric signal, in other words, the signal can be either «off» or «on». In this form the numeral 5, for example, which in binary is 101, will be on-off-on. The codes computers actually use are more complicated than this, but this is the general idea.

The data that goes into the computer-numbers, letters, sounds, shapes, signals - is passed from the input unit to the CPU as electronic bit codes. The program instructions also consist of bit codes, and they are stored in the memory unit in electrical or magnetic form. The instructions cause the CPU to perform binary arithmetic on all the data codes. It adds the 0s and 1stogether to give new binary codes that stand for the result. The operations that the CPU performs, such as calculating, are carried out in the form of a great many binary additions. Because binary arithmetic is very simple, the computer can do the additions extremely quickly. It takes only a millionth of a second or less to do each one. When a task has been completed, the code that represents the result goes to the output unit, which changes it back into a form that we can understand - numbers, words, sounds, pictures - or into control signals to a machine.

ВАРИАНТ № 4

I. Перепишите и переведите письменно на русский язык следующие предложения.

Scientists have been studying this phenomenon for many years.
The better the telecommunications, the less the need to travel.
Having been tested, the substance was found to be a good conductor.
The plate voltage being increased, the plate current also increases.
The unit to be replaced was out of order.
We know telecommunications to increase the efficiency of the national economy.
If put into effect, the system would provide the transmission of data, facsimile and other services.
Tuning is performed automatically.
Telephone service was improved by replacing manual with automatic exchanges.

II. Прочтите и переведите письменно следующий текст.

COMPUTER SECURITY

It is important to protect computer systems against intrusion, damage and theft. Keeping copies of data and programs prevents information from being deleted or lost.

Passwords and user identification codes can limit the number of people who have access to a system. These are codes that have to be input into the computer before certain data can be seen or worked on. They are important to safeguard confidential information, such as medical records. They are also used to prevent access to a company's records by unauthorized people and therefore lessen the chance of someone altering them with the intention of causing trouble, or defrauding the company by instructing the computer to pay them large sums of money.

Hacking is unauthorized entry into somebody else's computer system. It may be done for the purpose of gaining information, but is also done for fun. In some countries it is illegal.

A virus is a program that alters data and programs in a computer so that they no longer function properly or are lost. Many of these annoying programs are produced for fun by enthusiasts who do not stop to think how much harm they are doing. A virus may be secretly attached to a useful program and then spread by other people copying the program so that they can run it on their own computers. It may remain inactive for some time until triggered off by some preset event or a particular date, such as Friday the 13th.

ВАРИАНТ № 5

I. Перепилите и переведите письменно на русский язык следующие предложения:

Should the automatic switching techniques be applied at the exchange, the telephone service would be much more reliable.
The average human voice is claimed to generate the power of several thousand millions of a watt.
He insists on the problem being solved at once.
We know telephone service to be profitable for the national economy.
The world telephone network is one of the greatest human achievements, it linking all countries in the world.
In order to study oscillations, it is necessary to specify the method of measuring them.
Major changes have been taking place in the quality of television reception in recent years.
Satellite systems to be established are very efficient.
The better the technology of telecommunications, the higher the economic and social development of the country.

II. Прочтите и переведите письменно следующий текст.

WAP Evolves with the Network

Evolving Networks and Technology

Present-day WAP services use two different bearer services: circuit-switched data (CSD) and short message service (SMS), each of which is significantly limited. Ericsson's network solution offers WAP over unstructured supplementary data (USSD), but at present there are no terminals that support this solution.

A CSD phone call can take up to 30 seconds to set up, which causes a major barrier for WAP. Even by improving the access time for WAP services over CSD this delay is still an obstacle to using WAP services - when a fast-access server is used, the total delay can be reduced to only 8 or 10 seconds; when a proprietary non-authenticating access server solution is used the delay can be reduced to 3 seconds.

By contrast, the set-up time for WAP over SMS is extremely short, but since SMS has far lower bandwidth than CSD, WAP over SMS is slow for services that transmit large amounts of information to the mobile terminal.

The deployment of general packet radio service (GPRS) will eliminate delays - the access time will be insignificant since GPRS is always online. Furthermore, GPRS offers much greater bandwidth than CSD.

Bluetooth is another technology that will enhance and work in symbiosis with WAP. Bluetooth will greatly enhance mobility by opening the way for communication with other electronic devices; for example, in shops. When used in combination with WAP, Bluetooth will enable communication between end-users, electronic devices, and applications and storage in the network or the Internet.

СЛОВАРЬ

ability способность

above наверху

accompany сопровождать

accomplish осуществлять

accordingly соответственно

in accordance with в соответствии с

accuracy точность

achieve достигать

achievement достижение

acoustic акустический

adding machine арифмометр

addition добавление.

additional добавочный

address адрес

adjustment регулировка

advantage преимущество

aerial антенна

affect влиять (на)

agree соглашаться

agriculture сельское хозяйство

air воздух, пространство

aircraft самолет, воздушное судно

allocate распределять

allow позволять, давать

возможность

alphabet алфавит

alternating current (AC) переменный ток

amount величина, количество

amplification усиление

amplifier усилитель

amplify усиливать

amplitude амплитуда

amplitude-modulated амплитудно-

модулированный

antenna антенна

apparatus аппаратура, устройство

application применение

apply применять, подавать

approach подход

appropriate соответствующий

area площадь

arrange располагать

arrival прибытие

assemble собирать

assembly комплект, собрание

assign присваивать

attention внимание

pay attention уделять внимание

attenuate ослаблять, затухать

attenuation затухание, ослабление

audible слышимый, различимый

automated control system система автомати-

ческого контроля automation автоматизация

auxiliary дополнительный

average средний

band полоса

band-pass filter( amplifieг) полосовой фильтр

(усилитель)

bar code штриховой код

beam луч, пучок

bell звонок

below снизу, внизу

benefit выигрыш, прибыль

bias смещение

blank space пустое место, пространство

bottom низ

box почтовый ящик ячейка

branoh отрасль

brightness information информация о яркости

bring back возвращать

broadcast receiver радиоприемник

broadcasting вещание

cable кабель

call звонок, вызов,

разговор

telephone call телефонный разговор long-distance call междугородний телефон

ный разговор

long distance call междугородний теле

фонный разговор

local call местный телефонный разговор

international call международный телефонный разговор

Calling device устройство вызова

camera tube передающая (телевизион-

ная) трубка

carbon granules угольные гранулы

careful осторожный

carrier несущая частота

carry передавать, выполнять

case случай

cause заставлять, вынуждать

centralized централизованный

chain цепь

conveyer цепной конвейер

channel канал

character 1.знак 2.характер

characteristics параметры, характеристики

circuit цепь, контур

circuitry схемы

claim утверждать

close-circuit television промышленное телевидение

code код

coding кодирование

coefficient коэффициент

coil катушка

collect собирать

collection сбор

colour цвет

colour Information информация о цвете

colour television цветное телевидение

combine объединять, соединять

communicate сообщаться, общаться

communication связь

communication capacity емкость связи

compare сравнивать

compatriot соотечественник

completion завершение

complicated сложный

component компонент, составная часть

computer компьютер, ЭВМ

concept понятие

concentrate концентрировать

condition условие

conduct проводить

conductivity проводимость

conductor проводник

confine ограничивать

connect соединять

connection соединение

consequently затем

consider считать, полагать

considerably значительно

construction конструкция

consume потреблять

container контейнер

on the contrary наоборот

contribute вносить вклад

control управление, контроль

control grid управляющая сетка

conversation переговоры, разговор

convert превращать, преобразовывать

converter конвертер

convey передавать

cooperate сотрудничать

copper медь

correspond соответствовать

correspondence корреспонденция

cosmonaut космонавт

cost стоимость

primary cost себестоимость

cover покрывать

crane кран, подъемник

create создавать

cross пересекать, преодолевать

cross-sectional area площадь поперечного

сечения

cup чашка, дно капсюля

current ток

dash тире

data данные

data transmission передача данных

day – time светлое время суток

deal (with) иметь дело с

a great deal большое количество

decade десятилетие

decrease снижать, уменьшать

defective неисправный

deflect отклонять

deflection отклонение

degree степень

delivery доставка

demodulate демодулировать

derive (from) происходить (от)

describe описывать

design 1.конструкция

2.конструировать, проектировать

destination пункт назначения

detector детектор

determine определять

develop разрабатывать

development 1. разработка; 2. развитие

device прибор, устройство

dial набирать номер телефона

dial switching коммутация путём

набора диском

diaphragm мембрана

differ (from) отличаться (от)

different различный

digit цифра

digital цифровой

diode диод

direct прямой, непосредственный

direct current (DC) постоянный ток

direction направление

discovery открытие

dissect разделять, расчленять

distance расстояние

distant удалённый, отдалённый

distortion искажение

distribution расклад, распределение

dot точка

downlink нисходящий уча

сток (в космической связи)

duplex method дуплексный метод

duration длительность, долгота

ear ухо

Earth Земля

earth station земная станция

economy экономика

efficiency эффективность

efficient эффективный

effectiveness эффективность

electricity электричество

electromagnetic электромагнитный

electron электрон

electronics электроника

elimination исключение

emergency communication аварийная связь

emit излучать, испускать

employ применять, использовать

enable давать возможность

ensure обеспечивать

equip оборудовать

equipment оборудование

error погрешность

essential необходимый

establish устанавливать

exchange 1. обменивать 2 обмен

exchange offiсe телефонная станция

exist существовать

expand расширять

expect ожидать

experiment эксперимент

explore исследовать, обследовать

extensive обширный

facility средство

facsimile факсимильная телеграфия,

фототелеграф

factor фактор

factory фабрика

fibre волокно

field поле

magnetic field магнитное поле

fill заполнить

fixed стационарный

flicker мигание

fluctuation колебание

fluorescent флуоресцентный

force сила

fork lift truck вильчатый автопогрузчик

frequency частота

frequency-modulated частотно-

модулированный

frequency shifter переключатель частот

full полный

fundamentals основы

further дальнейший, по

furthermore более того

gain усиление

gearing сообщение

generate генерировать

generator генератор

glass envelope стеклянная оболоч

ка, колба

grid сетка

ground заземление

ground antenna наземная антенна

ground station наземная станция

group группировать

handling обработка

headset телефонная трубка

health service здравоохранение

heat нагревать

height толщина; высота

high высокий

high-performance высокопроизводи-

тельный

high-speed высокоскоростной,

быстродействующий

hook рычаг

horizontal горизонтальный

on a house-to-house по индивидуаль-

ным адресам

huge громоздкий

human человеческий

humidity влажность

image изображение

impact попадание, касание

impression печатание

improve улучшать(ся), со-

вершенствовать(ся)

improvement усовершенствование

impulse импульс

include включать

increase повышать, увеличивать

identification опознание

independent независимый

individual индивидуальный,

отдельный

induce индуцировать

inductance индуктивность

inferior уступающий

influence влиять

initial исходный

input ввод, вход

insist настаивать

install устанавливать

instrument прибор

integrated circuit интегральная схема

integration объединение

intend предназначать

intensify интенсифицировать

intensity интенсивность

intercity междугородний

intermediate промежуточный

interplace чередовать

interruption прерывание

intervention вмешательство

introduce вводить, вносить

introduction введение

invent изобретать, разрабатывать

investigation изучение

investigate изучать, исследовать

involve включать в себя

item почтовое отправление

kinescope кинескоп

knowledge знание

labour труд

lack нехватка

launch запускать

left левый

from left to right letter слева на право

letter письмо

letter coding кодирование письма

lift лифт, подъёмник

light свет

lightning молния

limit предел

line линия, строка

line communication проводная связь

link соединение

load нагрузка

loading загрузка

local местный

local oscillator местный гетеродин

long-distance office междугородняя

телефонная станция

loop шлейф, местный кабель

loudspeaker динамик, громкоговоритель

lower снижать

lower atmosphere нижние слои атмосферы

magazine журнал

mail почта

mail center почтамт

mail delivery доставка почты

mail item почтовое отправление

maintain поддерживать

maintenance техническое обслуживание

major большой, значительный

manual ручной

matter материя

maximize максимально увеличивать

means средство, способ

measure мера, величина

mechanization механизация

mechanized mail flow механизированный поток

почты

mechanized flow line механизированная почто-

вая линия

medical service medium медицинская служба

message средство, средний

written message письменное сообщение

microphone микрофон

minimize сводить к минимуму

miss отсутствовать

mobile подвижной

mobile bеlt conveyer подвижной ленточ

ный конвейер

modern современный

modernize модернизировать

modulate модулировать

monitor наблюдать

monochrome черно-белый

mysterious таинственный

national economy народное хозяйство

navigation навигация

necessary необходимый

need необходимость,

нуждаться (в чём-либо)

negative отрицательный

network сеть

newspaper газета

night-sight device прибор ночного

видения

noise шум

number количество, цифра, число

object объект

observatory обсерватория

observe наблюдать

obtain достигать, получать

ocean океан

operate работать, управлять (чем-

либо)

operation работа, операция

operator оператор

opposing transmission двухсторонняя передача

opposite противоположный

optical оптический

optoelectric оптикоэлектрический

orbit орбита

order порядок

in order to для того чтобы

out of order не в порядке, неисправный

original первоначальный

oscillation колебания

oscillator генератор

oscillatory circuit колебательный контур

outgoing trunk исходящая линия

output вывод

overcome преодолевать

overestimate переоценивать

paper бумага

parallel параллельный

parcel посылка

particular конкретный

pass переходить, проходить

path путь

peaceful мирный

pension пенсия

perforated paper tape перфорированная лента

perforation перфорация

perform выполнять

periodical периодическое пе

чатное издание

permanent magnet постоянный магнит

personnel служащие, персонал

phase фаза

phenomenon явление

pbosphorescent фосфоресцентный

physical exercise физическое упражнение

physiological физиологический

pick воспринимать, из

влекать, улавливать

picture изображение, картина

picture channel канал изображения

picture-reproducing device устройство для

воспроизведения изображения

picture signal сигнал изображения

picture – tube принимающая трубка

pilot вести, управлять

place помещать

plate анод

point пункт, точка

polarity полярность

population население

portion участок

possess обладать, уметь

post почта

postcode почтовый код

post-office почтовое отделение

post service почтовая служба

postal communication почтовая связь

postal service почтовая служба

power мощность

powerful мощный

precede предшествовать

pressure давление

print печатать

printed matter печатный материал

printer буквопечатающий

аппарат

priority приоритет

procedure процедура

process обрабатывать

processing обработка

produce производить

production производство

productivity производительность

profitable доходный, выгодный

programme программа

progress прогрессировать,

развиваться

propagate распространяться

propagation распространение

proper соответствующий

property свойство

provide обеспечивать, предоставлять, устанавливать, снабжать

provided that при условии

psychological психологический

pulse импульс

purpose цель

put into effect вводить в действие

quality качество

radiate излучать

radiobroadcasting радиовещания

radioengineering радио техника

radio-frequency energy радиочастотная энергия

railway железная дорога

range диапазон, нахо

диться в диапазоне

rate платёж, такса, тариф

rather than а не

reach достигать

reader устройство для

считывания

reading считывание

reading head считывающая головка

reassemble составлять, собирать

receiver приёмное устройство

recent последний, недавний

reception сокращать

regenerative телеграфный реге-

нератор

relative относительный

relay реле, релейный

reliability надёжность

reliable надёжный

remittance денежный перевод

remote удалённый

render оказывать

repeat повторять

repeater ретранслятор

reperforator реперфоратор

replace заменять

represent представлять собой

reproduce воспроизводить

reproduction воспроизведение

require требовать

requirement требование

research исследование

reset signal сигнал возврата

resistance сопротивление

resonant сircuit резонансный контур

respectively соответственно

result результат

as a result в результате

retransmit передавать

reverse изменять направление

ringing вызов

rising belt conveyer наклонный ленточ

ный конвейер

roller conveyer роликовый конвейер

sack мешок

satellite спутник

savings экономия

scan сканировать

scanning развёртка

science наука

scientific научный

scope масштаб, объём

screen экран

season время года

section участок, отрезок

secure обеспечить, сохранять

selectivity избирательность

semi- полу-

semiautomatic полуавтоматический

semiconductor полупроводник

send посылать, отправлять

sender чувствительный

sensitive чувствительный

sensitivity чувствительность

separate отдельный, отделять

service служба

servicing обслуживание

set аппарат, комплект, набор

radio set радиоприёмник

telephone set телефон

TV set телевизор

seven-digit code семизначный код

shade тень

signal сигнал

signal-to—noise ratio отношение сигнала к шуму

significance важность

be of great significance иметь большое значение

significant важный

silver серебро

similar (to) подобный

simplicity простота

simultaneous одновременный

single отдельный

single-speed односкоростной

single-turned circuit одиночный колеба

тельный контур

situate располагать

size размер

soсial социальный, обще-

ственный

solid-state твёрдый

solve решать

sorting сортировка,

сортировочный

sorting office сортировочный узел

sound звук

sound channel звуковой канал

sound transmitter передатчик звуко-

вой частоты

source источник

space космос, пространство

space-ship космический корабль

spacing расстояние

specify уточнять

speech речь

speed скорость

staff персонал

stage стадия, ступень,

каскад

start-stop teleprinter стартстопный теле

принтер

state состоянии, выражать

stationary неподвижный

steadily постоянно, неуклонно

step шаг, ступень

style стиль

submarine подводный

subscriber абонент, абонентский

substance вещество

suссesful успешный

succession последовательность

successive последующий

suffer терпеть убыток

suitable подходящий

superconductivity сверхпроводимость

supervisory контрольный

surface поверхность

surround окружать

switch переключать

switchboard коммутировать

щит, телефонный коммутатор

switohing коммутация

switching office телефонная станция

symbol знак, символ

synchronously синхронно

tape лента

tape mechanism лентопротяжный

механизм

tape printer ленточный принтер

tape transmitter ленточный трансмиттер

technique метод, техника

technology техника, технология

telecommunication связь, электросвязь

telegraph телеграф

telegraph repeater телеграфный

транслятор

telegraphy телеграфия

telephone телефон

telephone exchange (station) телефонная станция

telephony телефония

teleprinter (receiver) телепринтер, буквопечатающий телеграфный аппарат

teletype transmitter передатчик старт-

стопного аппарата

television (TV) телевидение

television camera телекамера

telex телекс

telex exchange автоматическая станция

телекса

temperature температура

terrestrial земной

test испытывать

time of day время суток

timing circuit хронирующая схема,

цепь тактовой частоты

total достигать

transducer преобразователь

transfer передача

transistor транзистор

translate преобразовывать

transmission передача

transmit передавать

transmitter передатчик

transponder ствол

transport переводить, транс-

портировать

travel путешествовать,

проходить

trunk канал связи

tube трубка

electronic tube электронная лампа

tune настраивать

tuned amplifier резонансный усилитель

tuning настройка

turn виток

in turn в свою очередь

two-way двусторонний

type вид, тип

understand понять, понимать

unit единица, элемент,

устройство, блок

unloading разгрузка

unusual необычный

uplink восходящий участок

upper atmosphere верхние слои атмо-

сферы

usable пригодный

use использовать

find use находить применение

user пользователь, абонент

value величина

valve лампа

radio valve радио лампа

electron valve электронная лампа

variable меняющийся

variation различие

variety ряд, разнообразие,

разновидность

various различный

vehicle транспортное средство

motor vehicle моторизованное

транспортное средство

vibrate вибрировать

vibration вибрация, колебание

video signal видеосигнал

video transmitter передатчик видео

частоты

visual видимый

vital важный

voice голос

voice energy энергия звуковых

колебаний

voice signal речевой сигнал

voice-frequency terminal терминал тональ

ной частоты

voltage напряжение

wave волна

wavelength длина волны

winding обмотка

wire провод

X-rays рентгеновские лучи

X-ray emission рентгеновское излучение

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