Вопрос 3 Терминологическая лексика

Областью интенсивного образования новых слов во многих языках явля-ется терминологическая лексика. Поскольку лексикография не успевает фикси-ровать новые термины и закреплять их в словарях, переводчику необходимо владеть способами трактовки значений терминов, не зафиксированных слова-рями. Одним из способов понимания новой единицы является контекстуальный анализ. Но большее значение имеют способы образования термина: аффиксаль-ный, словосложение, словосочетание, конверсия, аббревиация и акронимия.

Первым способом образования является аффиксальный с помощью пре-фиксов и суффиксов: writer – писатель, editing – редактирование, preprint – препринт.

Вторым способом образования терминов является конверсия, т.е. один и тот же термин является разными частями речи без помощи словообразо-вательных элементов: copy – экземпляр, копия (noun); copy – копировать (verb); issue – публикация, выпуск (noun); issue –выпускать, издавать (verb); print – печать, пресса (noun); print – издавать (verb). Переводить такие термины нужно с учётом их функции в предложении.

Третьим способом словообразования в английском языке является словосложение. В этом случае термины образуются путём соединения двух слов в одно, причём сочетаться могут слова, относящиеся к разным частям речи. Иногда сложные термины пишутся слитно, иногда через дефис: press-campaign – кампания в прессе; proof-reader – корректор; endleaf – форзац.

Четвертым способом словообразования является создание терминологии-ческих сочетаний. В их состав входят два и более компонента. Среди них выделяются связные терминологические сочетания, в которых невозможна замена составляющих компонентов без нарушения семантической целостности всего сочетания: publisher’s agreement – издательский договор, subject catalogue – предметный каталог, popular science journal – научно-популярный журнал и свободные терминологические сочетания, в которых возможна замена составляющих компонентов с сохранением семантической целостности всего сочетания: illustrated book = picture book – иллюстрированная книга, printing office = printing house = printing shop – типография; black type = bold type = fat type – жирный шрифт.

Сокращения – результат компрессии многокомпонентных терминологии-ческих сочетаний: ISBN – International Standard Book Number – международный стандартный номер книги. При переводе компонентных терминологических сочетаний следует иметь в виду, что последний элемент является ядерным, с которого начинается перевод, и следует в обратном порядке к началу терминологического сочетания, при этом каждый компонент переводится русским эквивалентом в родительном падеже по отношению к ядерному термину. Такой порядок перевода называется «правилом ряда».

Задание № 1. Проведите структурный анализ встречающихся в тексте терминов.

Publishing and Editing

Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of literature or information – the activity of making information available for public view. In some cases authors may be their own publishers.

Traditionally, the process of publishing means the distribution of printed works such as books (the «book trade») and newspapers. With the advent of digital information systems and the Internet, the scope of publishing has expanded to include electronic resources, such as the electronic versions of books and periodicals, as well as websites, blogs, video games and the like.

Publishing includes: the stages of the development, acquisition, copyediting, graphic design, production – printing (and its electronic equivalents), and marketing and distribution of newspapers, magazines, books, literary works and others.

Publication is also important as a legal concept: (1) as the process of giving formal notice to the world of a significant intention; (2) as the essential precondition of being able to claim defamation; that is, the alleged libel must have been published, and (3) for copyright purposes, where there is a difference in the protection of published and unpublished works.

Book and magazine publishers spend a lot of their time buying or commissioning copy. Writers often first submit a query letter or proposal. The majority of unsolicited submissions come from previously unpublished authors. The editorial staff must decide if the manuscript meets to the sufficient quality. Established authors are often represented by a literary agent to market their work to publishers and negotiate contracts.

Once a work is accepted, commissioning editors negotiate the purchase of intellectual property rights and agree on royalty rates.

The authors of traditional printed materials sell exclusive territorial intellectual property rights that match the list of countries in which distribution is proposed (i.e. the rights match the legal systems under which copyright protections can be enforced). In the case of books, the publisher and writer must also agree on the intended formats of publication – mass-market paperback, «trade» paperback and hardback are the most common options.

The situation is slightly more complex if electronic formatting is to be used. Where distribution is to be by CD-ROM or other physical media, there is no reason to treat this form differently from a paper format, and a national copyright is an acceptable approach. But the possibility of Internet download without the ability to restrict physical distribution within national boundaries presents legal problems that are usually solved by selling language or translation rights rather than national rights. Thus, Internet access aсross the European Union is relatively open because of the laws forbidding discrimination based on nationality, but the fact of publication in, say, France, limits the target market to those who read French.

Задание № 2. Проведите структурный анализ встречающихся в тексте терминов.

The process of publishing

Book and magazine publishers spend a lot of their time buying or commissioning copy. At a small press, it is possible to survive by relying entirely on commissioned material. But as activity increases, the need for works may outstrip the publisher's established circle of writers.

Writers often first submit a query letter or proposal directly to a publisher according to submission guidelines or to a literary agent. Submissions sent directly to a publisher are referred to as unsolicited submissions. The majority of unsolicited submissions come from previously unpublished authors. When such manuscripts are unsolicited, they must go through the slush pile, which publisher's readers sift through to identify manuscripts of sufficient quality or revenue potential to be referred to acquisitions editors, who in turn refer their choices to the editorial staff. This process is dependent on the size of the publishing company, with larger companies having more degrees of assessment between unsolicited submission and publication. Unsolicited submissions have a very low rate of acceptance. Many book publishing companies around the world maintain a strict «no unsolicited submissions» policy and will only accept submissions via a literary agent. This shifts the burden on assessing and developing writers out of the publishing company and onto the literary agents.

Established authors are often represented by a literary agent to market their work to publishers and negotiate contracts. Literary agents take a percentage of author earnings (varying between 10–15 per cent) to pay for their services.

Some writers follow a non-standard route to publication. For example, this may include bloggers who have attracted large readerships producing a book based around their website, books based on internet memes, instant «celebrities» such as Joe the Plumber, retiring sports figures and in general anyone whom a publisher feels could produce a marketable book. Such books often employ the services of a ghost-writer.

For a submission to reach publication it must be championed by an editor or publisher who must work to convince other staff of the need to publish a particular title. An editor who discovers or champions a book which subsequently becomes a best-seller may find their own reputation enhanced as a result of their success.