3. Указательные местоимения (Demonstrative Pronouns)

Ед. ч.	Мн. ч.
this (этот)	these (эти)
that (тот)	those (те)
such (такой), the same (тот же самый)

Местоимение that употребляется во избежание повтора предшествующего существительного в единственном числе. Чтобы не повторять предшествующее существительное во множественном числе, употребляются местоимения these и those. Обычно за этими местоимениями следует дополнение с предлогом of:

Heat capacity of alcohol is less than that of mercury. – Теплоемкость спирта меньше чем (теплоемкость) ртути.

Исчисляемые существительные в единственном числе в сочетании с местоимением such употребляются с неопределенным артиклем, который ставится после местоимения. Исчисляемые существительные во множественном числе и неисчисляемые существительные употребляются после местоимения such без артикля:

Ann is such a clever girl!

I don’t like such weather.

Заполните пропуски местоимениями this, that, these, those.

1. All … is very interesting.

2. … are TV sets of the latest type.

3. There are no richer art museums in this country than … of St. Petersburg.

4. … will do.

5. Try one of … .

6. In … days I was living with my parents.

7. … students who failed the exam will have to take it again.

8. … is my coat and … is yours.

Заполните пропуски such или such a (an).

1. … criticism is unfounded.

2. I’ve got … nice people in my house.

3. They are … polite children.

4. … holiday we have had!

5. I don’t like … weather.

6. Mary is … intelligent girl!

Употребите местоимения that, these и those во избежание повтора существительных.

1. His history was more interesting than … of Mike.

2. The finest wines are … from France.

3. The cost of the air fare is higher than … of the rail fare.

4. All sentences consist of words and … of letters.

4. Неопределенные местоимения (Indefinite Pronouns)

Простые	Сложные
any	anybody, anything, anyone
every	everybody, everything, everyone
some	somebody, something, someone
+ all, both, each, either, (a) few, many, much, (a) little, one, other (another), several

Any в значении «какой-либо, сколько-нибудь» употребляется:

- в вопросительных предложениях;

- в отрицательных предложениях, где в сочетании с отрицательной частицей not оно выражает простое или усиленное отрицание.

Have you got any new stamps?

В утвердительных предложениях местоимение any имеет значение «любой», «какой угодно».

You can take any book you like.

Some в значении «несколько, некоторое количество, некоторые» употребляется:

- в утвердительных предложениях;

- в вопросах, выражающих просьбу, предложение или осведомление.

Some people like strong tea.

Can I have some more milk?

Any, some употребляются как с неисчисляемыми, так и с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном и множественном числе. При употреблении с неисчисляемыми существительными any, some имеют значение неопределенного артикля и на русский язык, как правило, не переводятся.

Have you got any spare time now? – У тебя есть сейчас свободное время?

Сложные местоимения с any и some употребляются в тех же конструкциях, что и слова any и some.

any	?, -
s ome	+

usually

Дополните предложения some/any/somebody/anybody/someone/anyone/ something/anything/somewhere /anywhere.

1. She was sick and refused to eat … .

2. Don’t tell them … if they ask.

3. She spent four hours in the shop but left without buying … .

4. Do you happen to know where the TV programme is? – It’s … in the kitchen.

5. … told me we are expecting good weather these days.

6. What have you bought? Do we need … else? – I’ve bought a bottle of milk and … cheese and bread, but I haven’t bought … fruit yet.

7. Have you been … else, besides Greece?

8. Don’t throw that jar away yet. There is still … coffee left inside.

9. Why are you crying? Has … happened?

10. Have you done all the tasks? – I haven’t done … yet. I’m not well.

В данных предложениях употребите местоимения some или any.

1. I will have … news next month.

2. She has … valuable books in her house.

3. Philip wants … help with his exams.

4. There is … butter in the fridge.

5. We need … cheese if we want to make a fondue.

6. Would you like … help?

7. Will you have … more roast beef?

8. She doesn’t want … kitchen appliances for Christmas.

9. They don’t want … help moving to their new house.

10. No, thank you. I don’t want … more cake.

11. There isn’t … reason to complain.

12. Do you have … friends in London?

Неисчисляемые существительные	Исчисляемые существительные
much, little	many, few
much water, much money, little time, little milk	many countries, many tourists, few people, few books
A lot of/lots of/plenty of/a great deal of
A lot of people, a lot of water, lots of books, lots of time, plenty of cars, plenty of firms, a great deal of flowers, a great deal of music

В вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях следует употреблять much и many, а в утвердительных a lot of:

Have you been to many countries? – Вы были во многих странах?

Don’t waste so much money! – Не трать попусту столько денег!

We’ve got lots of books at home.

В утвердительных предложениях используются усилительные фразы too much, too little, so much, so little:

There’s too little time left – Осталось слишком мало времени.

Вставьте подходящее по смыслу слово (much/little, many/few, a lot of).

1. I’m keeping to a diet at present. I don’t eat … bread.

2. This mower uses too … electricity. Don’t buy it.

3. She takes care of her health and puts … salt into her food.

4. We have made … photographs of our Halloween party.

5. Don’t buy sugar. There is … it at home.

6. I have … relatives in the USA and get … Christmas cards from them every year.

7. … children in our class drink milk.

8. Stop making so … noise! I have … homework to do.

9. It’s a very small town. There isn’t … to see.

10. Are there … museums in this city?

11. Have you decided where to go on holiday? – Oh, we have … ideas!

12. The concert was a disaster! … people stayed till the end.

Заполните пропуски местоимениями many, much, little или few.

1. … was said but … done.

2. Say … and do … .

3. Very … people know about it.

4. He knows …, but the … he knows he knows well.

5. He is a man of …words.

6. … heard about the book, but … believe it.

7. … is spoken about it, but … believe it.

8. The forces were unequal, they were …, but we were … .

9. He has very … knowledge of the matter.

10. There isn’t … harm in it.

Few и little выражают отрицательную идею и обозначают «мало». A few и a little выражают положительную идею и обозначают «немного», «несколько».

	+/-	Перевод
Few, little	-	мало
A few, a little	+	немного

Вставьте подходящее по смыслу слово (little/a little, few/a few).

1. My son is in Oxford. He has … friends and enjoys his life there.

2. I’m afraid we can’t afford buying a new TV-set this year. We have … money.

3. Don’t hurry. We have … time still.

4. Have you read about that air-crash? – Yes, … people survived.

5. When did you last see her? - … days ago.

6. There were plenty of empty seats in the plane. Very … people were there.

7. The operation was successful and he lost … blood.

8. Our trip was rather short but we have visited … remarkable places.

9. Will I go and buy … bottles of beer? There aren’t enough of them for the party.

10. Would you like more soup? – Yes, please, … . It’s very tasty.

11. Do you speak English? – Yes, … .

Дополните предложения местоимениями little/a little, few/a few.

1. I last saw Tom … days ago.

2. We didn’t have any money but Tom had … .

3. He doesn’t speak much English. Only … words.

4. Would you like some more cake? – Yes, please, but only … .

5. This town isn’t very well-known and there isn’t much to see, so … tourists come here.

6. I don’t think Jill would be a good teacher. She’s got … patience with children.

All (все, весь, вся) может сочетаться с глаголом в единственном и множественном числе:

All are present today.

All is lost.

Перед существительным в единственном числе чаще используется the whole:

All books were interesting.

I read the whole book with great interest.

Both (оба) используется для обозначения двух предметов (лиц):

We both (мы оба), they both (они оба).

Each (каждый, всякий), every (каждый, всякий, любой) употребляются только с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе. Each означает «каждый в отдельности», every – «всякий, любой»:

It was a rush hour and every bus was full.

Either (каждый из двух (и тот и другой), любой из двух) употребляется по отношению к лицам и предметам:

There are shops on either side of the street.

Заполните пропуски местоимениями whole или all.

1. I want to see the … of Moscow.

2. He has read the … newspaper.

3. She has eaten … the apples.

4. The teacher looked through … the test papers.

5. His … family met us.

6. Read the … article.

7. … of us have seen this film.

8. We want to listen to the … record.

9. … the children ran out of the classroom.

10. … bread is not baked in one oven.

One часто используется при указании на любое лицо, т.е. для выражения подлежащего в предложениях соответствующих русским неопределенно-личным предложениям:

One must observe the traffic rules. – Каждый человек должен соблюдать правила дорожного движения.

One или ones заменяют существительные во избежание повтора:

I don’t like this black coat. I’ll buy the brown one.

Would you like large apples or small ones?

	Артикль	Перевод	Пример
other	a/the	другой	Give me other examples
another	-	другой, еще один	Give me another example

Употребите в данных предложениях местоимения one или ones во избежание повтора.

1. Galileo showed that the small weight dropped as quickly as the large weight.

2. St. Peter’s in Rome is a large building, but the Great Pyramid is a much larger building.

3. He’s fond of nearly all games, but tennis and football are the games he likes best.

4. You asked me to get you a dictionary. Please, get me English dictionary.

5. These shoes are too small. Please, get me some larger shoes.