- •2. The common features of Germanic languages.
- •1. The old Germanic languages, their classification and principal features.
- •3. The chronological division of the history of English. General characteristics of each period.
- •4. The Scandinavian invasion and its effect on English.
- •5. The Norman Conquest and its effect on English.
- •6. The dialectal situation of English from a historical perspective.
- •7. Principal Old English and Middle English written record.
- •8. Major spelling changes in me.
- •12. Consonant changes in the history of English
- •9. The oe sound system. Vowel and consonant changes in Old English.
- •Loss of Consonants:
- •10. Monophthongs in the history of English.
- •11. Diphthongs in the history of English
- •14. The oe noun system.
- •15. The simplification of the noun declension in English
- •30. The main trends in word formation in history of English
- •16. The development of personal pronouns in the history of English.
- •17. The development of the adjective in history of English
- •18. The development of demonstrative pronouns in the history of English.
- •13. Form-building means in the history of English
- •19. Oe verbal system.
- •20.Weak verbs in oe & their further development.
- •21. Strong verbs in oe and their development.
- •22. Oe preterite-present verbs and anomalous verbs and their further development.
- •26. The causes of changes in the morphological system in me & ne. The origin of modern English regular and irregular noun forms.
- •23 .Changes in the verb conjugation in the history of English.
- •27. The principal features of oe syntax.
- •24. The rise of analytical forms within the verbal system in the history of English.
- •Formation
- •25. Verbals in the history of English
- •Infinitive
- •28. The main trends in the development of English syntax.
- •29. Oe vocabulary & its etymological characteristics.
- •31. Borrowings as a source of the replenishment of e vocabulary in me & ne.
Borrowings after the Introduction of Christianity (597) that lie within the following semantic areas:
religion (angel, hymn, idol, pope, psalm);
learning (school, scholar, master, accent, grammar);
everyday life (plant, pine, radish, cap, sock, etc.).
31. Borrowings as a source of the replenishment of e vocabulary in me & ne.
Latin loans in English.
Continental borrowings – words from Latin -- West Germanic tribes – OE
Borrowings after the Roman Invasion.
Semantic areas: trade, building, domestic life. military affairs, place names:
Borrowings after the Introduction of Christianity (597)
abstract concepts (exact, exaggerate, explain, fact, dislocate, accommodation, etc. ) affixes de- (demolish, destroy, etc.), ex- (extract, , explore, explain, etc.), re- (reread, retell, retry, etc.), -ate (locate, excavate, etc.), -ent (apparent, present, turbulent, etc.), -ct (correct, erect, etc.) |
Scandinavian invasion had made some effect on English:
words beginning on “sk” (sky, skirt, skin)
the system of personal pronouns (they, them, their)
the form ‘are’ of the verb “to be”
the ending –s- for Present Simple, 3-rd person singular (in verbs) (he makes, she gives).
the system of personal names ending on –son-: Davidson, Richardson, Jefferson.
there are more then 1500 words of Scandinavian origin in NE: sister, bad, fog, cake, get, again etc.
The influence was felt in 2 spheres
vocabulary – law, husband, loose, root, sky, smile, want;
morphology – the verb system was expanding.
French loans in English.
France and took its high culture and language.
French is the lang. of upper classes & some French borrowings replaced the native words (very, river, easy)
Many synonyms appeared: E.g.: language (Fr) – tongue (Eng);desire (Fr) – wish (Eng)
large, huge (Fr) – great (Eng)
French effected all aspects of life:
Government and administration: eg.: nation, people.
Legislation: e.g.: judge, court.
Military term: navy, war.
Literature and arts: music
Education: ink, college.
Fashion: dress.
Trade, profession: tailor, grocer.
Religion: pray.
Cooking: roast, fry, boil.
Some French affixes were contributed into English (com-, sub-, dis-, -ment, -ish, -able)
Digraphs used in French borrowings were adopted in the ME texts: |ou – u:| |ie – e:| | ch – t∫|
The introduction of the letters j, k, q, v
Two possible variants of pronunciation of G & C.
75% of borrowings have survived in NE.
Borrowing in NE
Most of foreign words retained a foreign appearance: spelling, stress.
1.French:-diplomatic term – attaché
-social life: ball, noble
-art-essay
-fashion- blouse,dress
2.Italian-musical terms: aria, concerto
-culture: balcony, design
-literature :replica, sonnet
3.Spanish-polit.fields:armada,embargo
-food: banana, chocolate
4.Dutch: trade: pack, cruise
art-landscape
5.German:-science:cobalt
-philosophy: transcendental
6.Russian-beluga, komsomol,vodka,samovar,sputnik.
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