The Scandinavian invasion & the Scandinavian influence!

1. The significance of the Scandinavian influence in common words was not great. These words became part of the sail of the language.

2. English for the first time in its history was in riched in early pairings: Sc/Eng* hole/whole, ill/ sick, skill/ crast, skin/ hide.

This twinning which later split & went different words & became one of the most Firtyle and invantive characteristics of English.

3. For the first time & the only time began to change its grammatical structure Along the line of the Danelow at the trading outsposts the great grammar shift began to take place.

When English came into contact with the not wholy disimilar Danish language, a lot of inflected endings began to loose their dstinctive nature-> words endings fell away; prepositions came in which took a language awat from Germ & the order of words became important.

General characteristics of the scandinavian loanwords. Most words apeared during the ME period. What is more striking about they are so ordinary words words belongign to the central core of the vocabulary. (% soster- name of a relation leg, nech- names of parts of the body. Bag, fog, fellow, cake, window, husband.

Verbs : called, give, rase, smile, take, want.

Adj: low, ugly,wrong.

The grammatical words the conjunctions, though, till, until, the pl. form;

The borrowing of such central grammatical words as a personal pronouns, conjunctions shows the strength of the sc. Influence.

9.10.2012

Old English Memorials or Manuscripts.

The antient Germans used runic simbols, letters. First of old English inscriptions are found on tombs. They were Ruthwell Cross & Frank’s Casket. The Ruthwell Cross is in Scotland and the inscriprions on it illustrate events from the life of Christ.

The main old English manuscripts written in Latin Characters in Cadmon’s Hymn Beowulf.

Cadmon was an old Engl. Pat, but he was illiterate. Cadmon’s Hymn is a poem of life of Christs,it’s a religious poem.

Biowulf!!!

So it is the greatest of the old English poems. About a Scandinavian henee, who goes to the Danish king, to defend him against the monster grendes. It has been called the first great epic poem in the Eng. Lang. At that time no other language in the christian world could match the achievements of the Beowulf poet anonymous contemproratyes.

It was equal poem. The author is unknown, the date of the composition is uncertain (=AD 700 by an Anglian)

The materials for the poem are mainly taken from the Scandinavian history is folk tales. Beowulf is a young warier, who distinguished himself by strength and he resolved to read the Danish land of the snow. He saives from home with a company of 15 warriers. He kills the monsters mother & becomes the kings of the goth & later he Conquering another dragon like all Anglo-Saxon poems, it is written with a long line & each line is divided into halves by a pause. There were about 3 thousand such lines which a performa had tp learn by heart.

Most valuable are the survivals of old English prose, which were in the form of glosses .

These were followes by the earliest ages of the Anglo-Saxon chronical appeared at the end of all English period. These were brief records of the happenings made in monasteries.

All of these vowel symbols could represent both long & short vowels. All the singles represent pure vowels. For diptongues they used diagraphs. {ea} {eo} {io} {ie}

The consonants were

(16-17)

The letters b, d, l, m,l n, p, t represent 1 socend. There were 3 pairs in OE, that were alatones of the same phonema Letter ‘f’ could represent 2 sounds: v&f

{v} appeared within a word, before voiced sound and not doubled. In all other positions it was pronounced {t} gietan. Seoton. Lisde. Lefole.