- •It has a fixed order of words. But old Tnglish was a synthetic l-ge. I had – an elaborate system of inflexions to rander gram relatives. –the order of words was more free.
- •Old English Dialects
- •Christianity and Writing!
- •The Scandinavian invasion & the Scandinavian influence!
- •Old English Memorials or Manuscripts.
- •In most positions old English {k} was spatalized when in fokwed {s} represented the sound.
- •Old English Morphology
- •It contained words thar subdivided into words common to all the Indo- European l-ges& common omly to germanic l-ges
- •Compounding
Vlasova 32-a History of English language!
Lecture1
The history of the English l-ge is the science which deals with all the changes in phonetics, grammar and vocabulary, which the language has undergone during the whole course of irs development.
It is based on the history of the country where the language is spoken.
The knowledge of the history of the English – it gives a possibility to become better aequented with the modern English to realize it as a complicated process of development of different factors.
It also helps to recognize its place among other l-ges and its relation with other tongues.
A learner of English comes across quite a number of linguistic which can be explained only from a historical point of view:
The relations between the spelling and pronounciation
(know, name,knight, lamb)
[ ] – sh cea su – purely English
All the additives.
The history of English is based on the history of England. The origin and gradual evolution of linguistic can be studied only in close connection with history of the people , to which l-ge belongs. Every major event is rellected in the l-ge.
Some of these events affect the development of such an extend that they can be considered as the landmarks beginning a new stage in the historical development. It would be difficult to understand the relation between the Tnglish matoinal l-ge and various dialects.
The English l-ge originates from the tongues of Germanic tribes in the 5AD.
According to the genealogical classification – to Indo-European l-ges namely to its Germanic group.
That is cognate to German, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian. It shares similar gram. Struckture and many common words.
On the other hand more than half of its vocabulary is of Romanic origin : besides English has borrowed many words from many other l-ges.
According ro morphological classificarion, modern Tnglish belings more to analytis l-ges:
Absence of many inflexions
Presence of auxiliary phrases.
It has a fixed order of words. But old Tnglish was a synthetic l-ge. I had – an elaborate system of inflexions to rander gram relatives. –the order of words was more free.
Synchronic and Diachronic!!!
S. studying linguistic phonema belonging to one and the same period of the l-ge development.
D. studying a linguistic phenomena as a stage or a step in the neverending evolution of the l-ge.
Language is never static.
Changes are constantly going on at all its levels.
However the evolution is not even may be faster or slower and its various levels change at different rates. The worldstock seems to change more rapidly than the sound system and the grammar stucture.
External and Internal factors.!!
The causes may be of 2 kinds: external and internal.
External- historic events as social changes wars, contacts with other peoples migrations.
They influence esp. l-ges vocabulary. Many changes which cannot be fraces to external causes are internal. – most phonetics changes, gram. In the language itself.
Lecture 2!!!
Periods of the history of the English language
Though the development of English was slow gradual and uninterrupted, there is a condiserable difference between the l-ge of the 9th century. 13th century and 17th century, in the vocabulary gram. Structure and phon. System.
Therefore it is usual to divide the history of the English l-ge into 3 main periods:
Old English (OE)
Middle English (ME)
New English (NE)
The OLD E. began in 449 with the Germanic invasion of the Breton!
ME: 1066- Norman conquest of England
NE: 1475- printing of books was introduced. National english language appeared.
Each period was subdivided into 2 or more subperiods.
The old English:
Early 5 AD -7 AD period of transition of protogermanic to written old E, thus was called pre written old E.
8 AD- 11 AD Written OE –when the tribal dialects changed into local or regional dialects
The ME
The early (1270 – 14 AO) the srage of the greatest dialectical dwergions caused by the feudal system, and by foreign infltence (scandinavian & franch)
The late Classical (14 AD- 15 AD ) Restoration of English to the position of state & literaly English, ( literaly flowrishing chooser its major figure) The main dialect was the mixed dialect in London (40 thousand of people) which was mainly based on East Midland dialect.
But Ceasar didn’t remain long there & only a century later in 45 AD Cladius undertook to subdue the Celts (The Brittons)
They resisted the Romans fierely on the shores of fough – East England. They were finally conquired and driven back to the mountains of Wales.
Among those mountains they took refuge & thus preserved British kingdom and l-ge.
During 400 years Britain was a roman colony with north – west. Scotland, Wales underquared. The romans made the mag nificent roads into Wales built their camps & great walls to keep the Scotts.
But cutside the camps & beyond the walls the Roman influence was hardly felt. The Old celtic l-ge was spoken, while Latin never become a spoken l-ge there.
The Romans ruled till 410 AD : Then they left to defend Rome from Goths.
The Independence was short,they were attacked by the Irish & the Picks. And the legend says that 449 AD – Germanic tribes were called by Br. King Wartigen – as mercearies.
After repulsing the enemies the Germanics sent home messengers who told the other how terrible & rich the land was.The english l-ge has been under century and half going constant change eversince. The G invaders consisted of it was a l-ge tribes since changing.
Angles 2) Saxons 3)Tutes
The Tutes were in Kent the linguistic subdivision. The saxons occupied the banks of Themes fouthern past of England. The rest of Angles were living in the other part of the territory.
Such territory of the England as:
Northumbria
Mercia
East Anglia
Essex
Kent
Sussex
Wessex
Anglo-saxon invasion by the Angles. The British Islands – the Celts. The north territory of Kent by the Tutes.
In 9c. AD – to Wessex – whos kings finally united the country.
There was a gradual shift southwards of the centre of power & civilization
In 9 AD – England was formed King Alfred the Great saved the South & West of England from the Danes (Vikings)
10 AD – successoss reconoured the North & East
10,5 AD – Edgar not only rules England but was recognized overlord Scotland as well. The unility was durable.
The King might be Denish of Norman French (William the Conqueror) but in any case he ruled a single country.
The name “Britain” by the alts (Britons) “England” by the Angles.
Celtic & Latin words in the speech of Anglo- Saxons.
When Angles, Saxons & Tutes landed on the coat of Britain in the 5 century they found it inhabited by people very much unlike themselves (in l-ge, religion, manners)
Since the Anglo- Saxon conquest won’t just arrival of a ruling minority, but settlement of a whole people the l-ge remained the dominant one.
Very few traces of Celtic influence.
The influence Celtic had upon English was entirely confined to the vocabulary & didn’t affect the gram. Structure.
The names of some English towns (from Celtic):
London
Dover
Leeds
Dunber
Kilkenny
The names of Rivers:
The Thames (Dark water)
The Avon
The Duze (stream)
Common namer – bog, ass , willon
Weales- a foreignes came to mean both celt orservant. Welsh – old Engl “wellisc”
The number of Celtic words was very small.
Lection 3 !!!
Latin borrowed words
L.W. entered the English l-ge at different stages of old English period.
Several layers:
The earliest comprises words which the West Germ. Tribes brought from conrinent.
The Anglo-Saxon had encounted Latin in Europe when sev. Lat words entered the l-ge:
OE
Weal – wall
Strat - street
Mile –mile
Win – wine
Ceap – cheap
There were only a few dozen such words. Besides some words were transmitted by the Romanaized celts.
These words were mainly connected with trade:
Units of measurement
Articles of trade unknown to feutons
OE mazian ocapion---- merehant --- cheap, monger
OE Pu:nd, u:nce ---monger
In 9c AD – to Wessex – whos kings finally united the country
There was a gradual shift southwards of the centre of power & civilization. In 9 AD – England was formed King Alfred the Great saved the South & West of England from the Danes (Vikings)
The king might be Danish (Edward the conquessor) or Norman French ( William the Conqueror) but in any case he ruled a single country.
Celtic & Latin words in the speech of Anglo-Saxons.
When Angles, Saxons & Tutes landed on the coat of Britain in the 5 century they found it inhabited by people very much unlike themselves.
Since the Anglo-Saxons conquest won’t just arrival at a running minority, but settlement of a whole people the l-ge remained the dominant one. Very few traces of Celtic influence.
The influence Celtic had upon English was entirely confined to the vocabulary & didn’t affect the gram-structure.
The names of some English towns (from Celtic):
Vegetables, fruit, wines, cheese.
Objects connected with domestic life (kitchen kettle cup dish pillow)
Connected with building (cholk, ropper)
Military affairs (camp, castle)
Place names : Chester, Laincaster, Greenvich, Denport.
from latin!!!
Came with christianity = 1550 words
1)having connection with religion (canddle, clerc, devil, apostle, byshop, monk)
2)Learning (school, Grammar, accent meter, gloss disciple)
3) translation loans translating its parts into native l-ge
4) nanus of the days of the week
OE Monan – D%z (L: Lunadies)
Tiwes- D%z ( L: Martis- dies)
Names of Germ. Gods
OE Woden—d%z
Thumor—d%z
Putza--- d%z Religion Z odspel (l: enangelia)
Tpomsa—priness zoldsmip—(L: auritex) astronomy—tunzolr%ft (L: astonomus)