Task I.

1. Some Considerations on Style and Stylistic. Functional Styles (FS); Expressive Means (EM); Stylistic Devices (SD). (Козлова Т.)

2. The Problem of the English Literary Language. Standard English. Varieties of Language. (Spoken, Oral and Written). (Кузнецова М.)

3. The Development of the English Literary Standard Language (Historical Survey -XV-XVIII centuries), (Мартинян Л.)

4. The Development of the English Literary (Standard) Language (Historical Survey -XIX-XX centuries). (Мордвинова К.)

5. Varieties of English and Types of Lexical Meaning (Stylistic Interpretation). (Наумкина Д.)

6. Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary (General Considerations). Neutral Common Literary and Common Colloquial Vocabulary. (Нефедова Д.)

7. Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary (Terms, Poetic and Highly Literary Words). (Севастьянова С.)

8. Stylistic Devices Based on Peculiar Use of Set Expressions (Quotations. Allusions. Decomposition of Set Phrases). (Сметанина К.)

9. Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary. Special Colloquial Vocabulary (Slang. Jargonisms. Professionalisms) (Хабибуллина Н.)

10. Lexical EM and SD (General Considerations). Intensification of a Certain Feature of Thing or Phenomenon (Euphemisms. Hyperbole). (Якупова В.)

1 1. Functional Styles of the English Language (General Considerations). The Belle Letters Style. Emotive Prose.

12. SD Based on Interaction of Logical and Emotive Meanings (Oxymoron); SD Based on Interaction of Logical and Nominal Meanings (Antonomasia). (Козлова Т.)

13. Functional Styles of the English Language (General Considerations). Publicistic Style (Oratory and Speeches. The Essays. Articles). (Кузнецова М.)

14. Functional Styles of the English Language (General Considerations). Newspaper Style (Brief News. Items. The Headlines. Advertisements and Announcements. The Editorial). (Мартинян Л.)

15. Functional Styles of the English Language. Scientific Prose Style.

16. Functional Styles of the English Language. Language of Drama. The Style of Official Papers. (Мордвинова К.)

Task II.

1. SD Based on Stylistic Use of Structural Meaning (Rhetorical Questions; Litotes) (Козлова Т.)

2. SD Based on Peculiar Use of Colloquial Constructions (Represented Speech and Its Types: Uttered Represented Speech and Unuttered of Inner Represented Speech). (Кузнецова М.)

3. SD Based on Peculiar Ways of Combining Parts of the Utterance (Asyndeton; Polysyndeton; the Gap-Sentence Link). (Мартинян Л.)

4. SD Based on Peculiar Ways of Colloquial Constructions (Ellipsis; Break-in-the-Narrative /Aposiopesis/; Questions-in-the-Narrative) (Мордвинова К.)

5. SD Based on Compositional Patterns of Syntactical Arrangement (Enumeration; Suspence; Climax/Gradation; Antithesis). (Наумкина Д.)

6. SD Based on Compositional Patterns of Syntactical Arrangement (Parallel Constructions; Chiasmus/Reversed Parallel Construction; Repetition and Its Patterns). (Нефедова Д.)

7. Syntactical EM and SL) (General Considerations). SD Based on Compositional Patterns of Syntactical Arrangement (The Paragraph. Stylistic Inversion. Detached. Constructions). (Севастьянова С.)

8. Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary. Special Literary Vocabulary, Archaic. Obsolescent and Obsolete Words (Literary Coinages/Nonce Words).(Сметанина К.)

9. SD Based on Peculiar Use of Set Expressions. (The Cliche. Proverbs and Sayings. Epigrams). (Хабибуллина Н.)

10. Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary. Special Colloquial Vocabulary. (Dialectal Words. Vulgar Words or Vulgarisms. Colloquial Coinages). (Якупова В.)

1 1. Lexical EM and SD (General Considerations). Intensification of a Certain Feature of a Thing of Phenomenon (Simile. Periphrasis). (Наумкина Д.)

12. Functional Styl4es of the English Language (General Considerations). Language of Drama. (Нефедова Д.)

13. SD Based on Interaction of Logical and Emotive Meanings (Interjections and Exclamatory Words). The Epithet. (Севастьянова С.)

14. SD and Phonetic Means (General Consideration). (Onomatopoeia. Alliteration. Rhyme. Rhythm). (Сметанина К.)

15. SD Based on Interaction of Dictionary and Contextual Meanings (Metaphor. Metonymy. Irony). (Хабибуллина Н.)

16. SD Based on Interaction of Primary and Derivative Logical Meanings (Polysemy.--Zeugma. Pun). (Якупова В.)

Task I.

1)Some Considerations on Style and Stylistic. Functional Styles (fs); Expressive Means (em); Stylistic Devices (sd).

The word “stylistics” is derived from “stilos” (greek). Stylistics is a multi-disciplinary subject. It’s based on communication theory, discourse theory, linguistic philosophy, gender studies. Stylistics is a 20^th century invention. In the 19^th century they preferred to deal with literary subjects such as Rhetorics. It was a part of philosophy and literary studies in Greece. It was also called “the art of speech”. The object of stylistics is so various and many sided: the individual style of the author, functional styles, EMs and SDs. The aim of stylistics is to describe the targets and methods of stylistics.

Style is the basic element of stylistics. It’s concerned using the most of expressive in speech and in writing. This textuality lies in language variation and choice of language units to achieve the desirable effects during a conversation. Dictionaries define the word “style” as a particular way of writing, painting or as a way of variety. Therefore Stylistics should study various possibilities of language behaviour through choice of EMs and SDs.

Functional Styles (FS) The types of texts that are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of the communication are called functional styles of language (FS). A FS of a l-ge is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication. A func­tional style is thus to be regarded as the product of a certain concrete task set by the sender of the message. Functional styles appear mainly in the literary standard of a language. In the English literary standard we distinguish the following major functional styles (hence FS):

Each FS is subdivided into a number of substyles. The belles-lettres FS has the following substyles: a) the language style of poetry; b) the language style of emotive prose; c) the language style of drama. The Publicistic FS comprises the following substyles: a) the language style of oratory; b) the language style of essays; c) the language style of feature articles in newspapers and journals. The newspaper FS falls into a) the language style of brief news items and communiqués; b) the language style of newspaper head­ings and c) the language style of notices and advertisements. The scientific prose FS also has three divisions: a) the language style of humanitarian sciences; b) the language style of "exact" sciences; c) the language style of popular scientific prose. The official document FS can be divided into 4 varieties: a) the language style of diplomatic documents; b) the language style of business documents; c) the language style of legal documents; d) the language style of military documents.

In linguistics there are different terms to denote which utterances are foreground, i.e. made more conspicuous, more "effective and therefore imparting some additional information. They are called expressive means, stylistic means, stylistic markers, stylistic devices, tropes, "figures of speech and other names.

EMs of a l-ge are those phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntactic units and forms which make speech emphatic. EMs introduce conotational (stylistic, non-denotative) meanings into utterances. They noticeably colour the whole of the utterance no matter whether they are logical or emotional.

Phonetic expressive means include pitch, melody, stresses, pauses, whispering, singing, and other ways of using human voice. Morphological ems are emotionally coloured suffixes of diminutive nature: -y (-ie), -let (sonn^y auntie, girlies). To lexical ems belong words, possessing connotations, such as epithets, poetic and archaic words, slangy words, vulgarisms, and interjections. A chain of expressive synonymic words always contains at least one neutral synonym. For ex-le, the neutral word money has the following stylistically coloured equivalents: ackers (slang), cly (jargon), cole (jargon), gelt (jargon), moo (amer. slang), etc. A chain of expressive synonyms used in a single utterance creates the effect of climax (gradation). To syntactic ems belong emphatic syntactic constructions. Such constructions stand in opposition to their neutral equivalents. The neu­tral sentence "John went away" may be replaced by the following expres­sive variants: "Away went John" (stylistic inversion), "John did go away" (use of the emphatic verb "to do"), "John went away, he did" (emphatic confirmation pattern), "It was John who went away" ("It is he who does it" pattern).

SDs (tropes, figures of speech) unlike EMs are not language phenomena. They are formed in speech and most of them do not exist out of context. Stylistic device is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a l-ge unit. It follows then that an SD is an abstract pattern, a mould into which any content can be poured. SDs function in texts as marked units. They always carry some kind of additional meaning.

According to principles of their formation, stylistic devices are grouped into phonetic, lexico-semantic and syntactic types. Basically, all SDs are the result of revaluation of neutral words, word-combinations and syntactic structures. Revaluation makes l-ge units obtain connotations and stylistic value. A stylistic de­vice is the subject matter of stylistic semasiology.

EMs have a greater degree of predictability than SDs. The latter may appear in an environment which may seem alien and therefore be only slightly or not at all predictable. Expressive means, on the con­trary, follow the natural course of thought, intensifying it by means commonly used in language.