5. Represent the outcomes of your comparative analyses: formulate your conclusions about similarities and differences of sound systems in the three languages.

6. Read these pairs of words. State what principles of vowel classification they illustrate.

(a) cod — cord	b) end — and	(c) fir — for
not — naught	hem — ham	firm — form
cot — caught	ten — tan	turn — torn
body — border	kettle — cattle	bird — board
(d)fool — full	(e) am — aim	(f) nor — no
pool — pul	add — aid	law — low
food — put	man — main	called — cold
tool — took	lad — laid	bald — bold
boot — book	fat — fate	caught — coat

7. Read these words and state what movements of the tongue make the vowel phonemes [e, ɜ:, ۸, α: æ, ı, ⊃:] different.

bed — bird — bud — bard bid — bird — bud

lack — lurk — luck — lark lid — led — lad

hat — hurt — hut — heart big — beg — bag

cab — curb — cub - carb kit — curt — caught

8. Read these pairs of words. State:

(a) what closing diphthongs are opposed in the pairs:

hay — high laid — lied no — now known — noun

bay — buy tape — type hoe — how phoned — found

(b) what centring diphthongs are opposed in the pairs:

here — hair ear — air rear — rare

fear — fair beer — bear tear — tare

9. Read these words. Observe the allophonic difference of the [i:, eı, ⊃:,ɜ:, aı ] phonemes conditioned by their positional length.

bee — been — beet lay — laid — late

dee — dean — deep may — maid — mate

knee — need — neat say — save — safe

see — seed — seat sign — side — sight

lee — league — leak tie — tide — tight

core — cord — caught her — heard — hurt

saw — sword — sought sir — serve — serf

four — form — fork fur — furl — first

bore — board — bought were — girl — purse

10. What classificatory principle of vowels can be illustrated by the contrastive pairs given below?

bid — beard pooh — poor too — tour at — out pod — poured

dead — dared ate — eight law — lower mass — mouse letter — later

11. Which of the given examples illustrate (a) high, mid, open and (b) front, central, back oppositions?

bead — bed — bad deed — dead — dad cab — curb — carb

tan — turn — torn bad — bird — bard hat — hurt — heart

12. Arrange these words into minimal distinctive pairs:

cart, wart, Boz, caught, don, what, bars, cod, card, down, cot, cord

13. Transcribe the poem. Indicate reduced vowels and define the type of reduction.

MORNING

Will there really be a morning?

Is there such a thing as day?

Could I see it from the mountains

If I were as tall as they?

Has it feet like water-lilies?

Has it feathers like a bird?

Is it brought from famous countries

Of which I have never heard?

Emily Dickinson

6