II. Discussion

1. Were the Celts always busy trying to defend them­selves from invaders?

2. What Germanic tribes were among these invaders?

3. Where did they live?

4. When did the Germanic tribes - the Anglo-Saxons invade Britain?

5. That was the end of the slave-owning system. Prove it.

6. How is the historical period between ancient times and modern times called?

7. The Anglo-Saxon conquest is regarded as the begin­ning of medieval history in Britain, isn't it?

8. Did the Anglo-Saxon conquest bring the gradual establishment of feudalism in Britain in the early Middle Ages (5^lh-l 1^th centuries)?

9. The British natives fought fiercely against the invad­ers. Prove it.

10. How many Germanic Kingdoms were formed as a result of the invasion?

11. What Kingdoms did the Angles form?

12. The Saxons also founded three Kingdoms, didn't they?

13. Did the Jutes found any Kingdoms?

14. What Kingdoms were the strongest?

15. What were the main occupations of the Anglo-Saxons?

16. What did the strongest Germanic Kingdoms con­stantly do?

Appendix 4

CONVERSION OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS TO CHRISTIANITY

The conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity began at the end of the 6^th century (597) and was completed, in the main, in the second half of the 7^th century.

Before this the Angles, Saxons and Jutes had been pagans, that is, they believed in many gods. They worshipped the sun, the moon, the sea, springs and trees, and other pagan gods. Paganism had developed among the Anglo-Saxons when they lived under the primitive system and it reflected the life of the tribal society where all men were equal and where there was no oppression of man by man.

In 597 the Roman Pope sent about forty monks to Britain to convert the Anglo-Saxons. The monks landed in Kent and it became the first Anglo-Saxon kingdom to be converted. The first church was built in the town of Canterbury, the capital of Kent, that is why the Archbishop of Canterbury is now Head of the Church of England. Then Christianity spread among the Anglo-Saxons of the other kingdoms.

The spread of Christianity brought about important changes in the life of the Anglo-Saxons. Many new churches and monasteries were built all over the country. The spread of Christianity was of great importance for the growth of culture in Britain. The Roman monks helped to spread Roman culture in the country, they brought many books to Britain. Most of them were religious books and they were all written in Latin and Greek. The church services were also conducted in Latin.

The Latin language was again heard in Britain. Latin was of international importance at that time, as it was used by learned men in all countries. The Anglo-Saxons spoke quite a different language of Germanic origin and did not understand Latin. No one except the monks knew Latin and the monasteries became centres of knowledge and of learning in those early times. The first libraries and schools for the clergy were set up in monasteries. The monks coppied out many hand-written books and even translated some books from Latin and Greek into Anglo-Saxon. Chronicles and other manuscripts written by medieval monks are very important historical documents today. The most famous writer was the monk named Bede who lived from 673 to 735. He wrote "Ecclesiastical History of the English People" which was studied carefully by educated people in Europe as it was the only book on Anglo-Saxon history.

The Christian religion had a tremendous influence over men's minds and actions. It controlled the most important events of their life- baptism, marriage and burial.

Appendix 5

DISCOVERING AMERICA

First people to discover America are supposed to be ancient Asians. So, Indians, who developed civilisation there, came later. As for the Europeans the scientists name Vikings, fierce fighters and excellent sailors who left the Scandinavian Peninsula in northern Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries seeking plunder and good farmland. Sometime around the year 1000 A.D., Leif Ericsson sailed along the east coast of North America, perhaps, reaching as far south as Newfoundland. A second group of Vikings definitely reached Newfoundland where they found a shel­tered bay and built a settlement. So, America was discov­ered but Europe was not ready for exploration yet. More than 300 years later af­ter several countries had built strong fleets, got they interested in new lands to obtain spices, silks and other goods. Sea routes were less dif­ficult and dangerous than land routes.*

Christopher Columbus

was an Italian naviga­tor who came from the busy seaport of Genoa. Columbus thought that if he sailed directly west, he could reach In­dia more rapidly than by traveling around Africa. Since Portugal, the most pow­erful sea country of the time, was interested only in Af­rica, Columbus took his idea to the rulers of Spain, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. At first, the Spanish monarchs were not able to finance Columbus' venture be­cause they were involved in a war to liberate southern Spain from the Moors. In 1492, however, with Spanish victory over the Moors, the king and the queen agreed to finance his venture. The three small carracks he re­quested were not very expensive. If he succeeded, it would be a commercial blow to Spain's proud neigh­bour, Portugal.

But Columbus was wrong in his calculations. In Octo­ber 1492, after a little over two months at sea, he came upon land (part of what we now call Bahamas) in the Caribbean Sea, off the coast of Florida.

Looking for the mainland of Asia, he sailed south and came upon a somewhat larger island, which he named Hispanola, or little Spain. Columbus found people living on this island whom he called Indians, thinking that he had reached India in the East.

Columbus persuaded a few natives to return with him to Spain. Although he had found neither silk nor spices to take back with him, the American Indians impressed Ferdinand and Isabella enough that they agreed to finance a much more elaborate voyage the next year. Columbus eventually explored the coast of Central and South America without ever realising he had found a land new to Euro­peans.

In 1492 Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic Ocean and reached the New World. Then for more than 100 years many other explorers followed his route across the ocean. They went to look for the north-west route to Asia, but they hoped to find gold and other raw materials, too. Many of these explorers also claimed land for the countries that had sent them. So, by the 17th century, Spain, France, England and other European countries had colonies in the New World.

The first people who moved to North America and settled there were English. Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement, was founded in Virginia in 1607. Many

more people followed from other European countries, but most of the settlers were from England. English soon became the language of communica­tion, as it was spoken by the largest number of immigrants. The second largest group of immigrants were German. They settled in Pensylvania, where they founded German-town in 1683.

There were a number of reasons why people left Eu­rope to settle in America. Some came to look for gold. Many wanted to own the land they worked on. Others hoped to find the freedom to practise their religion in their own way. And all of them expected to live a free and better life in America.

By the middle of the 18^th century there were thirteen sepa­rate colonies along the east coast. Over the years these colo­nies grew much bigger as more and more "Americans" were born there. Slowly the people began to think of America and not the "old country" as their real home. And of course there were soon problems between England and the colonies.

The English wanted the Americans to send their raw materials to factories in England. They then sent finished goods back to colonies. So, England was getting richer; the colonies were not. By 1776 the colonies had had enough of this system. On the 4^th of July of that year they signed the Declaration of Independence and the American Revo­lution began.

England's reaction was to fight. The Americans had no real army and very little money, but they were fighting in their own country and defending their own land - two important facts that helped them to win. After the war — in 1783 — the colonies decided to unite, and in 1789 they officially became the thirteen United States of America with George Washington as their first president.

Since then millions of people have moved to the United States from all over the world. The population has grown, and the country has grown as well. Today there are 50 states and about 2 million Americans.

Appendix 6

LEGEND OF BEOWULF

Pre-reading task

Answer the questions:

What poem is considered to be a foundation stone of the British poetry?

What is the main idea of the poem?

Why is it difficult for non-specialist to read the poem?

Once upon a time, there was a horrible monster called Grendel. He was half-man and half-monster. He lived in Denmark. One day he went to the king's castle. The king and his men tried to kill the monster but their swords were useless. A knight called Beowulf heard about the problem and went to Denmark to help the king.

That night, Beowulf and his men took off their armour and put away their swords and went to sleep. The monster came into the castle and killed a knight. Beowulf woke up and fought the monster — he pulled off an arm! Grendel went back to his home in a lake and died. Grendel's mother was very angry and the next night she went to the castle and killed a knight.

In the morning, Beowulf went to the lake. He killed Grendel's mother with a special sword. When he came back, the king was very happy and he gave Beowulf presents and money. Beowulf went back to his country and became king. He was king for fifty years. But one day, a dragon came to his country, and it attacked people. It lived in a cave with treasure. The dragon was very big and breathed fire. The knights were afraid and they did not want to fight the dragon. King Beowulf was an old man but he put on his armour again and went to the dragon's cave with his men...

Post-reading task

Answer the questions:

Why did Beowulf go to Denmark?

Where did Grendel and his mother live?

How did Beowulf kill Grendel and his mother?

What did the King of Denmark give Beowulf?

Why didn't the knights fight the dragon?

Why did Beowulf put on his armour again?

Appendix 7

A Passage from Shakespeare’s “Julius Caesar” CXXX

Mark Antony: пер.Д.Паламарчука

Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; ЇЇ очей до сонця не рівняли,

I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him, Корал ніжніший за її уста,

The evil that men do lives after them; Не білосніжні пліч овали,

The good is oft interred with their bones; Мов з дроту чорного коса густа.

So let it be with Caesar. The noble Brutus Троянд багато зустрічав я всюди,

Hath told you, Caesar was ambitious. Та на її обличчі не стрічав,

If it were so, it was a grievous fault, І дише так вона, як дишуть люди,

And grievously hath Caesar answer’d it. А не конвалії між диких трав.

Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest, І голосу її рівнять не треба

For Brutus is an honourable man; До музики, милішої мені,

So are they all, all honourable men,- Не знаю про ходу богинь із неба,

Come I to speak in Caesar’s funeral. А кроки милої – цілком земні,

І все ж вона найкраща

поміж тими,

He was my friend, faithful and just to me: Що славлені похвалами пустими.

But Brutus says, he was ambitious;

And Brutus is an honourable man.

He hath brought many captives home to Rome,

Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill’.

Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?

When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept:

Ambition should be made of sterner stuff:

Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;

And Brutus is an honourable man.

You all did see that on the Lupercal

I thrice presented him a kingly crown,

Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?

Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;

And sure, he is an honourable man.

I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke,

But here I am to speak what I do know.

You all did love him once, not without cause:

What cause withholds you then to mourn for him?

O judgement! Thou art fled to brutish beasts,

And men have lost their reason. Bear with me;

My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar,

And I must pause till it come back to me.

A passage from “Romeo and Juliet”

Romeo:But, soft!

What light through yonder window breaks?

It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.

Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,

Who is already sick and pale with grief.

It is my lady; O, it is my love!

O, that she knew she were!

She speaks yet she says nothing; what of that?

Her eye discourses, I will answer it.

I am too bold; ’tis not to me she speaks.

See, how she leans her cheek upon her hand!

O, that I were a glove upon that hand,

That I might touch that cheek!

Juliet: Ay, me!

Romeo: She speaks!

O, speak again, bright angel! For thou art

As glorious to this night, being o’er my head,

As is a winged messenger of heaven.

Juliet: O Romeo, Romeo!

Wherefore art thou Romeo?

Deny the father and refuse thy name;

Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love,

And I’ll no longer be a Capulet.

Romeo: Shall I hear more,

Or shall I speak at this?

Juliet: ’Tis but thy name that is my enemy;

Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.

What’s Montague? It is nor hand, nor foot,

Nor arm, nor face, nor any other part

Belonging to a man. Oh, be some other name!

What’s in a name? That which we call a rose

By any other name would smell as sweet;

So Romeo would, were he not Romeo called,

Retain that dear perfection which he owes

Without that title. Romeo, doff thy name;

And for that name which is no part of thee

Take all myself.

Beowulf

Fyrst forß gewat flota w es on yßum,

Bat under beorge Beornas gearwe

On stefn stigon: streamas wundon,

Sund wiß sande secgas b eron

On bearm nacan beornte fr etwe,….

Шло время, и корабль, покачиваясь

На волнах, стоял у скалистого берега.

Воины в доспехах поднялись на корабль.

С моря на берег песчаный набегали волны…

Appendix 8

So, we’ll go no more a-roving My Soul is Dark

By G. G. Byron By G. G. Byron

My soul is dark – Oh! Quickly string

The harp I yet can brook to hear;

And let thy gentle fingers fling

Its melting murmurs o’er mine ear. So, we’ll go no more a-roving If in the heart a hope be dear,

So late into the night, that sound shall charm it forth again

Though the heart be still as loving, If in these eyes there lurk a tear,

And the moon be still as bright. ’twill flow, and cease to burn my brain.

For the sword outwears its sheath,

And the soul wears out the breast,

And the heart must pause to breathe,

And love itself have rest.

Though the night was made for loving,

And the day returns too soon,

Yet we’ll go no more a-roving

By the light of the moon.

My Heart’s in the Highlands

By R. Burns

My heart’s in the Highlands, my heart is not here,

My heart’s in the Highlands, a-chasing the deer,

a-chasing the wild deer and following the roe –

My heart’s in the Highlands, wherever I go.

Farewell to the Highlands, farewell to the North,

The birthplace of valour, the country of worth!

Wherever I wander, wherever I rove,

The Hills of the Highlands for ever I love.

My heart’s in the Highlands, my heart is not here,

My heart’s in the Highlands, a-chasing the deer,

a-chasing the wild deer and following the roe –

My heart’s in the Highlands, wherever I go.

A Red, Red Rose She walks in beauty

By R. Burns byG.G.Byron

O my Love is like a red, red rose She walks in beauty, like the night

That’s newly sprung in June; of cloudless climes and starry skies,

O my Love is like the melody And all that’s best of dark and bright

That’s sweetly played in tune. Meet in her aspect and her eyes;

As fair art thou, my bonnies lass, Thus mellowed to that tender light

So deep in love am I; which heaven to gaudy day denies.

And I will love thee still, my dear, One shade the more, one ray the less,

Till a’ the seas gang dry; had half impair’d the nameless grace

Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear, Which waves in every raven tress

And the rocks melt wi’ the sun; or softly lightness o’er her face,

And I will love thee still, my dear, where thoughts serenely sweet express

While the sands o’ life shall run. How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.

And fare thee well, my only Love! And on that cheek and o’er that brow

And fare thee well a while! So soft, so calm, yet eloquent,

And I will come again, my Love, The smiles that win, the tints that glow

Tho’ it were ten thousand mile. But tell of days in goodness spent,-

A mind at peace with all below,

A heart whose love is innocent.

Appendix 9

HAMLET

Pre-reading task

"Hamlet" is the most famous, the most popular play in the English language. For the mass of readers and of playgoers it has no rival, even among Shakespeare's works.

What are the reasons for this unique fame?

What universal problems are raised in "Hamlet"?

Why is Hamlet’s speech so famous?

.

The figure of Hamlet is one of the very few immortal figures of art and poetry, like Cervantes' Don Quixote and Goethe's Faust: a supreme embodiment of the universal in the individual.

Hamlet, a Danish prince, because of certain extremely disturbing personal experiences, the death of his father and his mother's marriage to his uncle, came to see his world in a different way. This new vision affected everything: his attitude to his friends and family, his feeling about sex, his view of the court and its politics, his image of himself. Hamlet was the hope of Denmark, with his rich gifts of intellect and imagination, his generosity and most moral nature. But the shock of his mother's marriage, the suspicion that his uncle was guilty of murder and disappointment in people made him lose faith in humanity and fall into a mood of depression.

Hamlet is an essentially tragic figure. He fulfilled the task which was laid upon him — to revenge his father's murder — but fulfilled it at an appalling and needless cost: the lives of his mother, Ophelia, Polonius, Guildenstern, and himself. Hamlet's constant doubts, hesita­tions and self-reproaches paralyzed his actions when it was necessary to act quickly and led to several unnecessary deaths.

The play is full of the wisdom of life. The questions with which Hamlet confronts us are those which seek an answer in every heart. The problem of 'to be or not to be, the problem of life's inequalities and injustices, of the sufferings of the innocent, the sense of the world's beauty and wonder, of man's glorious attributes and, on the other hand, the mystery of the power of evil: these are things that touch all, that always interest mankind.

Hamlet.

To be or not to be: that is the question;

Whether it is nobler in the mind to suffer

The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or

To take arms against a sea of troubles,

And by opposing end them? to die: to sleep;

No more; and by a sleep to say we end

The heart

Appendix 10

59

Ти пам'ятник воздвиг в людських серцях.

Достойно він святий вкриває прах.

Бо сторінки твоїх безцінних книг

Зрушають нас. Схиляючись до них,

Таємний зміст ми чуємо у слові,

Завмерли, мов фігури мармурові.

Пишнішої гробниці на землі

Не матимуть ніколи королі.

Переклад М. Пилинського

IVAN FRANKO. Shakespeare's works are the most translated and republished the world over, translations from Shakespeare are for any national literature the highest gauge of its maturity and per­fection of literary language. That is why the appearance of the first complete editions of Shakespeare's writings in Ukranian is of lasting importance for our culture.

The first Ukranian rendition from Shakespeare known to scholars is Desdemona's song "The poor soul sat singing by a sycamore tree" which was published in Lyiv in 1854. Five years earlier the noted his­torian Mikola Kostomarov translated the same song which appeared in print only in 1890. Also in Lviv, in 1898, Panteleimon Kulish pub­lished the first Ukranian version of Othello, the Moor of Venice.

MIKHAILO STARITSKY'S complete translations of Hamlet made in 1870s was a surprisingly mature and noteworthy work for all its unavoidable imperferctions, but it was received with malevolent criticism both by the chauvinistic Russian-language Kyivlyanin magaizine and, regrettably, by Danilo Mardovets (Mordovtsev), who was deeply concerned with Ukrainian history and ethnography.

Allowing for the all but complete lack of dictionaries and skilled criticism, the absence, in the Ukrainian language broad range of Shakespearean realia, and the considerable problems associated with Ukrainian book printing, the efforts of the first Ukrainian interpreters of Shakespeare can be called truly valiant. Mikhailo Staritsky's ef­forts in this respect were, in fact, heroic. Despite all bans, he was not afraid of either choosing from the vernacular words that had almost been forgotten or coining new ones along strict grammar lines.

Heroic was also the work of the PANTELEIMON KULISH who translated 13 tragedies by Shakespeare, the loftiest thoughts with "force and beaut".

IVAN FRANKO also contributed immensely to Ukrainian Shakespeariada by rendering the Bard's sonnets and parts of his tragedies, and by writing a series of scholary introductions to Kulish's translations. There was also Panas Mirny, Lesya Ukrainka, Pavlo Hrabovsky md Mikola Vorony who, drawing on Shakespeare's writings, laid down ;he foundation which enabled Ukrainian translators to raise their craft to higher level.

When the editorial board under Dmitro Zatonsky, corresponding member of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, embarked on the project, they had two edition of Shakespeare's selected works as a reference point: the two-volume editions (11 dramas) of 1950-1952 and ;he three-volume editions of 1964 which included the translation masterpieces of MAXIM RYLSKY ("King Lear", "Twelfth Night"), MIKOLA BAZHAN ("The Tempest"), VASIK MYSIK, ("Timon of Athens"), Irina Steshenko ("Romeo and Juliet", "The Merchant of Venice", "Much Ado about Nothing", "Othello"). Twenty year earlier DMITRO PALAMARCHUK added to these masterpieces his rendition of Shakespeare's sonnets.

The reader will find quite a few that equal the most beautiful samples of Ukrainian Shakespeareana, e. g., "Troilus and Cressida" made by the noted translator Mykola Lukash, the sparkling "The Taming of the Shrew" in Yuri Lisnyak's brilliant interpretation, "Coriolanus" by Dmytro Pavlychko, and "All's Well that Ends Well" by Les Taniuk.

Shakespeare's poetry continues to live in minds of Ukrainian people thanks to nice and talented interpretations of Ukrainian poets…………………………………………………………………

Appendix 11

Edward Lear

There Was an Old Man in a Tree

There was an Old Man in a tree,

Who was horribly bored by a bee.

When they said "Does it buzz?"

He replied "Yes, it does!

It's a regular brute of a bee!"

There was a Young Lady Whose Eyes

There was a young lady whose eyes,

were unique as to colour and size;

When she opened them wide,

people all turned aside,

and started away in surprise.

There was an Old Man on some rocks,

There was an Old Man on some rocks,

Who shut his wife up in a box;

When she said, 'Let me out!'

He exclaimed, 'Without doubt,

You will pass all your life in that box.'

There was an Old Man of New York

THERE WAS AN OLD MAN OF NEW YORK,

WHO MURDERED HIMSELF WITH A FORK;

BUT NOBODY CRIED THOUGH HE VERY SOON DIED, --

FOR THAT SILLY OLD MAN OF NEW YORK.

Эдвард Лир о самом себе

Мы в восторге от мистера Лира,

Исписал он стихами тома.

Для одних он ворчун и придира,

А другим он приятен весьма.

Десять пальцев, два глаза, два уха

Подарила природа ему.

Нo лишен он известного слуха

И в гостях не поет потому.

Книг у Лира на полках немало.

Он привез их из множества стран.

Пьет вино он с наклейкой «Марсала»,

И совсем не бывает он пьян.

Есть у Лира знакомые разные.

Кот его называется Фосс.

Тело автора шарообразное,

И совсем нет под шляпой волос.

Если ходит он, тростью стуча,

В белоснежном плаще за границей,

Все мальчишки кричат: «Англичанин

В халате бежал из больницы!»

Он рыдает, бродя в одиночку

По горам, среди каменных глыб,

Покупает в аптеке примочку,

А в ларьке — марципановых рыб.

По-испански не пишет он, дети,

И не любит он пить рыбий жир...

Как приятно нам знать, что на свете

Есть такой человек — мистер Лир!

Чики-Рики — воробей

Чики-Рики — воробей

Отдыхал в тени ветвей,

А ясена его для крошек

Суп готовила из мошек,

Для полдюжины ребят,

Желторотых воробьят.

И над ними тихо-тихо

Пела песню воробьиха:

«Твики-вики-вики-ви,

Чики-рики-твики-ти,

Спики-бики-би!»

Воробьиха шепчет мужу:

«Милый друг, в такую стужу

Мне все ночи напролет

Спать твой кашель не дает.

И чихаешь ты ужасно.

Мне давно уж стало ясно,

Что тебе во время сна

Шапка теплая нужна!

Чики-вики-мики-ти,

Бики-вики-тики-ми,

Спики-чипи-ви!

~;;&8^уЩ^ііЩ~

Ты не стар, но и не молод,

И тебе опасен холод.

Надо, надо не забыть

Завтра шапку раздобыть».

Воробей ответил: «Верно!

Ты заботлива безмерно,

И тебе желаю я

Счастья, уточка моя!

Витчи-битчи-литчи-би!

Твики-мики-вики-би!

Тики-тики-ти!

О тебе, в постели лежа,

Я сегодня думал тоже —

Как ужасно ты храпиш,

И чихаешь, и сопишь.

Воробьи — народ незябкий,

Но нельзя нам спать без шапки.

Полетим є тобой вдвоем,

Капор в городе найдем.

Витчи-китчи, китчи-ви.

Спики-вики, мики-би,

Чипи-випи-чи.

Купим в Лондоне сапожки

На твои босые ножки,

Купим платье мы с тобой,

Шарф небесно-голубой,

Теплый капор самый модный,

Как у дамы благородной!

Джики-вики-бики-ти,

Чики-бики-вики-би,

Твики-витчи-ви!»

Утром оба, встав с постели,

В город Лондон полетели.

Опустились на момент

На старинный Монумент.

А потом на Пикадилли

Платье с обувью купили,

Воробью купили шляпу,

Воробьихе — модный капор.

Зики-вики-мики-би,

Витчи-витчи-митчи-ки,

Рики-тики-ви!

Увидав отца и мать,

Дети начали кричать:

«Как нарядны мама с папой!

Как идут обоим шляпы!»

Воробей сказал: «О да!

Мы одеты хоть куда,

Можем в этаком уборе

Красоваться на заборе

И чирикать:

Чики-чи!

Чиви-чиви-бики-би!

Чики-рики-ми!»

Appendix 12

THE HAPPY PRINCE

after Oscar Wilde

High above the city, on a tall column, stood the statue of the Happy Prince. He was gilded all over with thin leaves of fine gold, for eyes he had two bright sapphires, and a large red ruby glowed on his sword-hilt.

One night there flew over the city a little Swallow. His friends had gone away to Egypt six weeks before, but he had stayed behind, for he was in love with the most beautiful Reed. He had met her early in the spring as he was flying down the river after a big yellow moth, and had been so attracted by her slender waist that he had stopped to talk to her.

«Shall I love you?» said the Swallow, and the Reed made him a low bow. So he flew round and round her, touching the water with his wings, and making silver ripples. This lasted all through the summer.

«It is a ridiculous attachment,» twittered the other Swal­lows; «she has no money, and far too many relations;» and indeed the river was quite full of Reeds.

Then, when the autumn came they all flew away.After they had gone he felt lonely, and began to tire of his lady-love.

«Will you come away with me?» he said finally to her, but the Reed shook her head, she was so attached to her home.

«You have been trifling with me,» he cried. «I am off to the Pyramids. Good-bye!» and he flew away.

All day long he flew, and at night-time he arrived at the city.

Then he saw the statue on the tall column.

«I will put up there,» he cried; «it is a fine position, with plenty of fresh air.» So he alighted just between the feet of the Happy Prince.

«I have a golden bedroom,» he said softly to himself as he looked round, and he prepared to go to sleep; but just as he was putting his head under his wing a large drop of water fell ' on him. «What a curious thing!» he cried; «there is not a single cloud in the sky».

Then another drop fell, and he said; «I must look for a good chimney-pot,» and he determined to fly away. But before he had opened his wings, a third drop fell, and he looked up, and saw-Ah! what did he see? The eyes of the Happy Prince were filled with tears, and tears were running down his golden cheeks. His face was so beau­tiful in the moonlight that the little Swallow was filled with pity.

«Who are you?» he said.

«I am the Happy Prince.»

«Why are you weeping then?» asked the Swallow; «you have quite drenched me.»

«When I was alive and had a human heart,» answered the statue, «I did not know what tears were, for I lived in the Palace of Sans-Souci.* In the day-time I played with my friends in the garden, and in the evening I led the dance in the Great Hall. Ro_Und the garden ran a wall, but I never asked what lay beyond it. My frinds called me the Happy Prince, and happy indeed I was. So I lived, and so I died. And now that I am dead they have set me up here so high that I can see all the ugliness and all the misery of my city, and though my heart is made of lead yet I cannot choose but weep.

Far away in a little street there is a poor house. One of the windows is open, and through it I can see a woman seated at a table. Her face is thin and worn, and she has coarse, red hands, all pricked by the needle, for she is a seamstress. In a bed in the corner of the room her little boy is lying ill. He has a fever, and is asking for oranges. His mother has nothing to give him but river water, so he is crying. Swallow, Swallow, little Swallow, will you not bring her the ruby out of my sword-hilt? My feet are fastened to this pedestal and I cannot move.»

«I am waited for in Egypt,» said the Swallow. «My friends are flying up and down the Nile, and talking to the large lotus-flowers.

«Swallow, Swallow, little Swallow,» said the Prince, «will you not stay with me for one night, and be my messenger? The boy is so thirsty, and the mother so sad.»

The Happy Prince looked so sad that the little Swallow was sorry. «It is very cold here,» he said; «but I will stay with you for one night, and be your messenger.»

«Thank you, little Swallow,» said the Prince. So the Swal­low picked out the great ruby from the Prince's sword, and flew away with it in his beak over the roofs of the town.

At last he came to the poor house and looked in. The boy was tossing feverishly on his bed, and the mother had fallen asleep, she was so tired. In he hopped, and laid the great ruby on the table beside the woman's thimble. Then he flew gently round the bed, fanning the boy's forehead with his wings. «How cool I feel!» said the boy, «I must be getting better;» and he sank into a delicious slumber.

Then the Swallow flew back to the Happy Prince, and told hi «That is because you have done a good action,» said the Prince.

«I am waited for in Egypt,»_Said the Swallow.

«Tomorrow my friends will fly up to the Second Cataract. The river-horse couches there among the bulrushes.

«Swallow, Swallow, little Swallow,» said the Prince, «far away across the city I see a young man in a garret. He is leaning over a desk covered with papers, and in a tumbler by his side there is a bunch of withered violets. His hair is brown and crisp, and his lips are red as a pomegranate, and he has large and dreamy eyes. He is trying to finish a play for the Director of the Theatre, but he is too cold to write any more. There is no fire in the grate, and hunger has made him faint.»

«I will stay with you one night longer,» said the Swallow, who really had a good heart. «Shall I take him another ruby?»

«Alas! I have no ruby now,» said the Prince; «my eyes are all that I have left. They are made of rare sapphires, which were brought out of India a thousand years ago. Pluck out one of them and take it to him. He will sell it to the jeweller, and buy firewood, and finish his play.»

«Dear Prince,» said the Swallow, «I cannot do that;» and he began to weep.

«Swallow, Swallow, little Swallow,» said the Prince, «do as I command you.»

So the Swallow plucked out the Prince's eye, and flew away to the student's garret. It was easy enough to get in, as there was a hole in the roof. Through this he came into the room. The young man had his head buried in his hands, and when he looked up he found the beautiful sapphire lying on the withered violets.m what he had done. «It is curious,» he remarked, «but I feel quite warm now, although it is so cold.»

Appendix 13

THE BEATLES: THE PHILOSOPHY OF MUSIC

"I have never seen anything like it. Nor heard any noise to approximate the ceaseless, frantic, hysterical scream, which met the Beatles when they took the stage after what seemed a hundred years of earlier acts. All very good, all marking time, because no one had come for anything other than the Beatles..."

Derek Taylor (from his book "Fifty Years Adrift")

Today it's time to talk about everlasting things. There is no man on the planet who has a vague idea of the Beatles. By the middle of the 60's the situation in pop mu­sic had changed a lot. There were 98 songs recorded in America in 1962 and only two of them were English. The balance changed in 1964:68 records were American and 32 were English. These figures tell us everything and at the same time tell us nothing. They show the end of the American superiority in rock music, but they didn't unveil those who made a breakthrough.

The Beatles were highly popular in the 60's as Presley was in the 50's. They created a different rock style and entered a new music epoch. They gave a fresh power impulse to the rock, altered empty music performed by puppets in the whole subculture. They changed the role of a pop-performer increasing the rock range. It seems impossible that four guys could insert such tremendous changes, but they lighted the decade with a bright flare during the short period of time. The Beatles left the polar light and, after them, nothing could be old. Before the Beatles, the haircuts were short; after them, even bank managers began to wear long hair that covered the ears.

Before them, the pop had been performed by a lit­tle wooden Pinocchio; but, after them, the puppet cut its threads and began to dance to the sounds of his own music.

Before them, films were of low quality; after them, these films became movie arts.

They left their imprints upon everything they touched. What made them so special? If in 1962 you were 16 years old or less, you did not try to analyse their music, you just felt it. You felt it with your heart that those four were special. First of all, when they were playing in front of you on stage, you could see and hear how indivisible they were. They were a real ensemble. Three of them not only played but also sang. They sang together in harmony. The songs performed by the Beatles were their own singles. Their highly individual style and special performance favourably impressed the audience.

The most typical peculiarity of the Beatles, who pro­moted to their unbelievable flight to the top, was their aspiration to be perfect. They constantly improved them­selves and changed. The image, created by them, included a synthesis of various elements that were joined in one unique combination.

I decided to find out how people in the modern world treat the Beatles' music. The youth and older generation consider that their music is the best for the contents of the songs, subjects, and lyrics are not aggressive. Most teenag­ers get positive feelings while listening to the Beatles. The older generation regards it as a classic.

Modern performers sing about the pain of love, show­ing its negative sides. Listening to such songs make many young people lose their faith in love. It's quite difficult to believe in the power of love when the phrases like "Love hurts", "Love scars", "Love. It's just a lie — made to make you blue" are heard everywhere.

The Beatles' compositions reveal the wonderful sides of that magic feeling. Their songs are deep, really alive and natural. They don't put pressure on listeners, don't make them feel humiliated, embarrassed or angry. The Beatles loved the world with all stupidity of it, its cruelty and cynicism. They loved real people and didn't forbid them to love themselves.

Of course, there were ups and downs, but they always faced their toughest audience and found the ways to turn the negative into the positive. Their complete openness and sincerity, responsibility and persistence help them to avoid failure.

The world moves on, but people still remember the Beatles, sing their songs and quote some famous lines. The fact that the diary with one of their songs was sold for $ 1 million shouts louder about intense devotion than anything else.

TESTS

T e s т 1

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: General information, political system, the history

1. What is the official name of the United Kingdom?

2. Who is the head of the state?

3. What are the major ethnic groups of Great Britain?

4. What is Union Jack?

5. When was Christianity introduced into Britain?

6. What churches are there in the United Kingdom?

7. What are the principal constitutional documents in Great Britain?

8. Who were the first inhabitants of the British Isles?

9. Who was the first Roman to come to Britain?

10. What tribes made the majority of the population in Britain in the 6^th century?

11. How long did William the Conqueror rule England?

12. Who invented the first steam engine?

13. How is the Period between 1760 s and 1850 s called in Britain's history?

14. When did the British Empire come to its end?

15. What is a political status of the country?

16. What are the major political parties of Great Britain?

17. What Houses has the British Parliament?

18. Name the longest river, the highest mountains and peaks, the largest lakes of Great

Britain?

19. What parts does Great Britain consist of? What are their capitals?

20. What is the United Kingdom washed by?

21. What makes the English climate mild?

22. How is the county Kent called? Why?

Test 2

The USA: general information, geography, political system and the history

1. The U.S.'s birthday is on_____________. It is________ Day.

2. The American Flag is sometimes called_______________.

3. In 1492____________landed on an island near America,

4. The War of Independence began in________;_______.

5. ________________was the first president.

6. The Civil War began in____________. It war between______________.

7.______________was abolished in the whole country in 1865.

8. The USA is situated________________.

9. It consists of___________________.

10.The elections of the President are held

11 .There are__________main political parties in the USA. They are :

12.The USA borders on_____________________.

13.The highest mountains in the USA are______________.

14.The prairies is the___________area___________.

15._________________is the longest river.

16._________________are the main agricultural regions.

17.The first inhabitants of North America were___________.

18. America was named after_____________.

19.The Declaration of Independence of America was written by

20.The President lives in the______________.

21. The beginning of the American democracy was__________

22.American industrial revolution began in_______________.

Test3

The English Literature. Jeoffrey Chaucer. William Shakespeare.

Writers and poets of the 18^th century

l. What was the first major work of Old English literature?

2. Who introduced into English literature the psychological versified novel, the ode?

3 Who is considered to be a father of the English language?

4. What dialect became the basic of the English literary language?

5. What does the word "Renaissance"mean?

6. What representatives of the English Renaissance can you name?

7. What period in the development of literature is called "the golden age"?

8. What does the word "Enlightenment"mean?

9. Name the representatives of English Enlightenment.

10. Who is considered to be the originator of the antihero?

1 l. Who is the founder of historical novel?

12. Who is considered to be the " father of the English prose"?

13. How can the three periods of Shakespeare's literary work be characterized?

14. Who was the prototype of Defoe's Robinson Crusoe?

15. When was W.Shakespeare born? When did he die?

16. Match the literary work with its author:

1."Oliver Twist" a) Jeoffrey Chaucer

2."Gulliver's Travel" b) Sir Walter Scott

3. "The Canterbury Tales" c) Charles Dickens

4. "Vanity Fair" d) William Shakespeare

5."Ivanhoe" e) Jonathan Swift

6. "Twelfth Night" f) George Gordon Byron

7."The jolly Beggars" g) Daniel Defoe

8. "Child Harold's pilgrimage" h) William Makepeace Thackeray

9. "Cymbeline" I) Robert Burns

10. "Robinson Crusoe"

Test 4

English and American Literature for children. Art, music, theatre and cinema of Great Britain

1 .What are they? Match the two columns.

1) Michael Redgrave a) a writer

2) Alan Milne b) an architect

3) Christopher Wren c) a painter

4) Edward Leer d) a composer

5) John Constable e) an actor/actress

6) G. Purcell f) a director

7) Lewis Carrol

8) Lawrence Olivier .

9) Thomas Gainsborough

10) Tony Richardson

2. Match the literary work with its author:

1)"Alice in Wonderland"

2)"The Jungle Books"

3)"The Selfish Giant"

4)"Nonsense Songs and Stories"

5)"Captains Caurageous"

6)"When we were little"

7)"The Star child"

8)"Winnie - the - Pooh"

9)"JustSo Stories"

10)"Laughable Lyrics"

a) Rudyard Kipling b)Edward Lear c)Alan Milne d)Lewis Carrol e)Oscar Wilde

3. Match with the surname:

1 )Received the Noble Prize for Literature

2)Was the famous mathematician

3)He devoted his poems and stories to his son

4)His real name was Charles Dodgson

5)He was the first to write lymerics

6)His greatest merit to literature is his beautiful style: laconic, expressive and colourful

7)He was a writer, a painter and a traveller

8)His real name was Samuel Clemens

a) Lewis Carrol b)Edward Lear c)Mark Twain d)Oscar Wilde e) Rudyard f)Alan Milne

4. Answer the questions :

l) Who was the first president of the Royal Academy of Art?

2) Who was a creator of English school of landscape?

3) What period in English painting was called "the golden age"?

4) Who was painting in England of the 15^th - 17^th centuries represented by?

5) Who is responsible for the pop revolution in Great Britain?

6) What musical was produced by Andrew Leyod-Webber?

ROUND BRITAIN QUIZ

1. Do you know what place makes an English home "the English home"?

2. What was the native population of Great Britain in ancient times?

3. What group sang this song: "Is there anybody wants to listen to my story...?"

4. Which proverb serves as a title of one of Shakespeare's comedies?

5. Who is the most popular Scottish poet? When do the Scots celebrate his birthday?

6. How many plays did Shakespeare write?

'7. Who is the national hero of Britain, the defender of the poor people?

8. Who was at the head of the Normans that conquered Anglo-Saxons?

9. Is Gainsborough a musician or a painter?

10. Give the name of a great English admiral who headed the British fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar?

11. What is the nickname of the national flag of the UK?

12. What is the name of the king who gathered his knights at "the round table"?

13. Who was the leader of Great Britain during World War II?

14. Who gave the name "Britannia" to the country?

15. What is the colour of Great Britain on the political map of the world? ^ 16. Give the French and English names of the same water strait.

17. How is the northern part of Scotland called?

18. By what means of transport can you reach the British Isles?

19. What is the official name of Ulster?

20. What influences the British climate?

21. Are all the people in the UK English?

22. What languages do people of Wales speak?

23. What is the British currency?

24. What age do English children begin to go to school?

25. Who was the architect of St. Paul's Cathedral?

26. The author of "Winnie-the-Pooh"...

27. The name of the leading actress who performed in the film "Gone with the wind"...

28. What is the name of the meridian separating the East and the West?

29. The animal on the national emblem of the Kingdom...

30. The author of "Mowgli"...

31. The residence of the Prime Minister in London...

32. What is there in the middle of Trafalgar square?

33. A poetic name for Britain...

34. What parts does GB consist of? What are their capitals?

35. Name the longest rivers, highest mountains and peaks, the largest lakes of GB.

36. What oceans and seas wash GB?

37. What is the climate of GB?

38. Who were the first inhabitants of GB?

39. When was GB conquered by Romans?

40. When did King Egberg unite all the kingdoms and what kingdom was formed?

41. What tribes invaded Britain in the б^-б¹¹¹ centuries?

42. When did Danes attack Britain?

43. When did the rule of the Danish kings come to an end?

44. When was GB conquered by the Normans?

45. Who became the English king after the Norman conquest?

46. When was the Parliament first organized and how many members had it?

47. When did the peasants' revolt take place? Who stood at the head of it?

48. When did the English bourgeois revolution begin and when did it finish?

49. When was King Charles I executed?

50. When was Commonwealth proclaimed and who became its Protector?

51. What was the end of the Bourgeois revolution?

52. When was the monarchy restored and who became the English king after it?

53. What are the years of Industrial Revolution? Name the main inventions.

54. What are the main branched of industry and agriculture in GB now?

55. What nationalities live on the territory of the British Isles?

56. What is the state language in GB?

57. What is the political status of the country?

58. Whom does the power belong in the country?

59. What Houses has the British Parliament and who presides over them?

60. How many members has each House?

61. How often is the electing to Parliament held?

62. Who is the Prime-Minister of GB now?

63. What are the main political parties of GB and what party is in power now?

ROUND AMERICA QUIZ

1. Where is the USA situated?

2. What is the territory (population) of the USA?

3. What countries does the USA border on?

4. What is the USA washed by?

5. What are the main rivers on the territory of the country?

6. What mountains are there in the USA? Where are they situated?

7. How many lakes are situated in the region of Great Lakes and what are they?

8. How are the plains called in the USA?

9. What is the climate of the USA?

10. Who are the native inhabitants of the USA?

11. What is the political status of the USA?

12. How many states has the USA?

13. Who is the head of the country?

14. When are Presidential elections held?

15. What is the highest legislative body of the country?

16. What Houses does the US Congress consist of?

17. How many members has the House of Representatives and the Senate?

18. How are the heads of the Senate and the House of Representatives called?

19. What is the residence of the US Congress?

20. Who is the President of the USA now? What party does he represent? Who can be the President of the USA?

21. What are the largest industrial centres of the USA? What is the capital of the USA?

22. What are the main branches of industry?

23. When and by whom was America discovered?

24. Why was it called America?

25. When did the War for Independence begin and finish?

26. Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the American Army?

27. How many states had America after the War for Independence?

28. When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?

29. Who was the first President of the USA?

30. When did the Civil War begin and finish?

31. What was the reason for the Civil War?

32. Who won the victory in the Civil War? What was the end of the Civil War? What is Abraham Lincoln famous for?

TASKS FOR SELF-STUDY

1. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM

1. Present-day outer policy of the United Kingdom.

2. Relations between the UK and Ukraine.

RECOMMENDED LITERATURE:

1. Полупан А.П., Полупан В.Л., Махова В.В. English-speaking countries: A cultural reader–Х.: Країна мрій, 2002.

2. Полупан А.П., Полупан В.Л., Махова В.В. English-speaking countries: A work-book–Х.: Країна мрій, 2002

3. Письменная О.А. «Окна в англоязычный мир (история, география, социальные аспекты, языковая ситуация). К.: ООО «ИП Логос», 2004.

2. THE USA. A GLIMPSE ON HISTORY

1. The USA in the II World War.

2. The cold war between the USA and the USSR.

3. Present –day outer policy of the USA.

Recommended literature:

2. Полупан А.П., Полупан В.Л., Махова В.В. English-speaking countries: A cultural reader–Х.: Країна мрій, 2002.

3. Полупан А.П., Полупан В.Л., Махова В.В. English-speaking countries: A work-book–Х.: Країна мрій, 2002

4. Письменная О.А. «Окна в англоязычный мир (история, география, социальные аспекты, языковая ситуация). К.: ООО «ИП Логос», 2004.

5. Тучина Н.В., Меркулова Т.К., Кузьміна В.С. Speak English with pleasure/За ред..Луїзи Грін.- К.: Майстер-клас, 2005

3. AMERICAN LITERATURE

1. American national literature during the War for Independence.

2. “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” by Harriet Beecher-Stowe.

3. Literary heritage of Theodor Dreiser.

4. Literary works of Jack London.

5. Modern American Literature.

Recommended literature:

2. Полупан А.П., Полупан В.Л., Махова В.В. English-speaking countries: A cultural reader–Х.: Країна мрій, 2002.

3. Полупан А.П., Полупан В.Л., Махова В.В. English-speaking countries: A work-book–Х.: Країна мрій, 2002

4. Письменная О.А. «Окна в англоязычный мир (история, география, социальные аспекты, языковая ситуация). К.: ООО «ИП Логос», 2004.

5. Тучина Н.В., Меркулова Т.К., Кузьміна В.С. Speak English with pleasure/За ред..Луїзи Грін.- К.: Майстер-клас, 2005, pp. 198-199 Activity 7

5. Англійська література: Навч.посібн./Укладач С.В.Гапонова – К.: товариство «Знання», КОО, 1998.

6. Мансі Є.О. Тексти з англійської і американської художньої літератури. – К.: «Логос», 1999.

7. Files with tasks

4. PAINTING, ARCHITECTURE, MUSIC, THEATRE AND CINEMA of Great Britain.

1. Georgian and Victorian styles in architecture.

2. Neo-gothic style in architecture.

3. Modern English music.

Recommended literature:

2. Полупан А.П., Полупан В.Л., Махова В.В. English-speaking countries: A cultural reader–Х.: Країна мрій, 2002.

3. Полупан А.П., Полупан В.Л., Махова В.В. English-speaking countries: A work-book–Х.: Країна мрій, 2002

4. Письменная О.А. «Окна в англоязычный мир (история, география, социальные аспекты, языковая ситуация). К.: ООО «ИП Логос», 2004.

5. Тучина Н.В., Меркулова Т.К., Кузьміна В.С. Speak English with pleasure/За ред..Луїзи Грін.- К.: Майстер-клас, 2005.

5. ARTS OF THE USA.

1. American painting: its development and modern peculiarities. R.Kent.

2. Architecture and sculpture of the USA.

3. American music and its styles.

4. Theatre and cinema of the USA.

Recommended literature:

2. Полупан А.П., Полупан В.Л., Махова В.В. English-speaking countries: A cultural reader–Х.: Країна мрій, 2002.

3. Полупан А.П., Полупан В.Л., Махова В.В. English-speaking countries: A work-book–Х.: Країна мрій, 2002

4. Письменная О.А. «Окна в англоязычный мир (история, география, социальные аспекты, языковая ситуация). К.: ООО «ИП Логос», 2004.

5. Тучина Н.В., Меркулова Т.К., Кузьміна В.С. Speak English with pleasure/За ред..Луїзи Грін.- К.: Майстер-клас, 2005.

6. Files with tasks

LIST OF BOOKS USED AND RECOMMENDED:

1. Англійська література: навч.посібн./ уклад.С.В.Гапонова. − К.: ТОВ "Знання", КОО, 1998.

2. Мансі Є.О. Тексти з англійської та американської літератури. – Київ: «Логос», 1999.

3. Полупан А.П., Полупан В.Л., Махова В.В. English-speaking countries: A cultural reader–Х.: Країна мрій, 2002.

4. Полупан А.П., Полупан В.Л., Махова В.В. English-speaking countries: A work-book–Х.: Країна мрій, 2002

5. Письменная О.А. «Окна в англоязычный мир (история, география, социальные аспекты, языковая ситуация). К.: ООО «ИП Логос», 2004.

6. Спецкурс «Література Англії».10 клас/Н.Г. Вертипорох, С.Г. Мигаль. – Х.: Вид. група «Основа», 2011.

6. Тучина Н.В., Меркулова Т.К., Кузьміна В.С. Speak English with pleasure/За ред..Луїзи Грін.- К.: Майстер-клас, 2005.

7.Цегельська Марина. Great Britain:Geography, History, Language. – Тернопіль: Підручники і посібники, 2007.

8. Цегельська М.В. The USA:Geography, History, Language. – Тернопіль: Підручники і посібники, 2010.

9. Across Great Britain. N.F.Vovchenko.- К. Тов.-во «Знання», 2002.

24