Местоимение It Функции в предложении и перевод

I. ЛИЧНОЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЕ 3-ГО Л. ЕД. Ч.: а) знаменательное подлежащее: переводится он, она, оно, иногда они — для неодушевленных предметов; обычно употребляется перед личной формой глагола.
Where is the chair? It is in the corner of the room. Take your watch. It is on the shelf.	Где стул? Он в углу комнаты. Возьмите (ваши) часы. Они на полке.
б) дополнение: переводится его, ее и т.д.; следует за личной формой глагола.
This is a very urgent case and we shall discuss it immediately.	Это очень срочное дело, и мы обсудим его немедленно.
2. БЕЗЛИЧНОЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЕ: формальное подлежащее в безличных предложениях: на русский язык не переводится; употребление безличных предложений такого типа ограничено; они относятся к обозначению явлений природы, времени, расстояния.
It is winter. It is cold. It snows in winter. It is December.	Зима. Холодно. Зимой идет снег. Декабрь.
3. ВВОДНОЕ СЛОВО а) формальное подлежащее в предложениях с логическим подлежащим, выраженным инфинитивом, герундием, инфинитивным или герундиальным оборотом и придаточным предложением со сказуемым типа It is necessary / easy / possible / pleasant / wrong и т.п., it is supposed / said / believed / expected и т.п., it is likely, it seems и т.п.; на русский язык не переводится;
He said it was possible for an agreement to be reached.	Он сказал, что возможно достичь соглашения.
б) формальное дополнение после глаголов типа to make, to find, to think, to consider, to feel, to believe в сочетании с прилагательным, местоимением; следует непосредственно за глаголом; на русский язык не переводится.
I find it necessary to look through these articles.	Я считаю необходимым просмотреть эти статьи.
4. УКАЗАТЕЛЬНОЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЕ: подлежащее, выраженное предикативным существительным: на русский язык переводится это.
It is our University teacher.	Это наш университетский преподаватель.
It is a nice room.	Это прекрасная комната.
5. ЭМФАТИЧЕСКОЕ СЛОВО: выделение одного из членов предложения, кроме сказуемого: выделяемый член предложения употребляется после it is (was), за ним следует относительное местоимение (who, whom, whose, that и т.д.) или союзное слово (when, where); при помощи этого оборота может быть выделено и целое придаточное предложение; при переводе на русский язык для выделения соответствующего члена предложения следует использовать те средства русского языка, которые наилучшим образом передадут эту эмфазу: она может быть передана лексически словами именно, это, только, как то, то или путем вынесения выделяемых слов в начало или в конец предложения; при этом местоимение it на русский язык не переводится.
Don't blame her. It was me who opened the door.	He вини ее. Именно я открыла дверь.
It is for that reason that the present book is both timely and appropriate.	Именно но этой причине данная книге является актуальной и своевременной

Not till (until) перед выделяемым обстоятельством иа русский язык обычно переводится только после, только когда.

It is not until November that the pensioners will receive the increase provided for in the budget.

Прибавку к пенсии, предусмотренную в бюджете, пенсионеры получат только в ноябре.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ НА ЗАКРЕПЛЕНИЕ

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, указав, какую функцию выполняет местоимение it.

1) It it useless to argue with this man. 2) It is sometimes dangerous to talk politics in public. 3) It’s a waste of time to try to talk her into doing anything she dislikes. 4) It embarrassed him being spoken to like this. 5) It is autumn. 6) It is cold. Summer is over. 7) Pat soon made it clear that she did not want to stay there long. 8) Recent discoveries and new technologies have made it possible to improve the machine. 9) They made it plain to us that we had little choice. 10) They found it difficult to explain how the accident had happened. 11) The law makes it easy to prove the hypothesis. 12) Galileo made it clear that the Earth rotates around the Sun. 13) You would find it hard to believe he was a famous artist. 14) It’s the light that makes her look so beautiful. 15) It was this work that created the paradox. 16) It was only when aged 80 that she told her daughter the true story. 17) It isn’t you he is after. 18) It wasn’t that I was on pins and needles to know the truth. 19) Many people in the world believe that it is man who is degrading and polluting his environment. 20) It took him some time to bring home the fact that the experiment was dangerous. 21) It was not until the mid-forties that this problem was recognized. 22) It is not until June 5^th that the Bill will be published. 23) The corporation has said earlier that it will not negotiate until normal working is resumed. 24) When it comes to writing complex computer programmes, the Russians are absolutely tops. 25) She likes the room. It smells of art. 26) What is it, dear? 27) She watches his hand. It is a very nice hand. 28) It wasn’t possible she was 28. 29) It’s frightening to be here in her room. 30) You can love it or not, but it’s a very high-quality film.

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте тексты, найдите предложения с местоимением it. Переведите, проанализируйте значение местоимения.

A. MR. SMITH: It looks like raining. It is always on such days when my wife leaves her umbrella at home.

NEIGHBOUR: Don’t worry, she will drop in at some shop and stay there till the rain is over.

MR. SMITH: You say she will drop in at some shop and stay there till the rain is over? But it is the thing which I fear most of all.

B. A young chubby-cheeked lad is passing by the parish clergyman without taking off his hat. The clergyman feels his dignity offended and accosts the lad with these angry words: “How dare you pass me by in such unmannerly way, you bobby? Why don’t you take your hat off? You are better fed than taught!” “That must be so, sir” replied the lad, “for it is my father who feeds me, and it is you who teach me.”

C. In the midst of a stormy discussion a gentleman rises in a fury and shouts: “Gentlemen, it is common sense that I want! Nothing else!” “It is common sense that you want, no doubt,” exclaims his adversary, “and therefore your opinion should be disregarded.”

D. A stage manager was present at an amateur performance. He seemed to be highly pleased with it. When the performance was over he was asked whether it was the leading lady or the leading man whom he most applauded. “Neither the one not the other, but the prompter,” replied the stage manager, “for it was him that I heard most during the performance.”

E. A man would never answer back when his wife started a row. His friend told him that he was obviously afraid of his wife. “You are wrong, my friend,” said the husband, “it is not my wife that I am afraid of, it is the noise.”

F. Once I went for a walk with him along Town Street on a Saturday afternoon. It was a warm day, and after a while I said I wanted a soda. Well, he said, he didn't care if he took something himself. We went into a drugstore, and I ordered a chocolate soda and he had a lemon phosphate. When we had finished, he said, "Jimmy, my son, I'll watch you to see who pays for the drinks." He handed me a quarter and he told me to toss the quarter and he would call the turn. He called heads and won. I paid for the drinks. It left me with a dime. The last time I saw Doc Marlowe was just a few days before he died. I didn't know anything about death, but I knew that he was dying when I saw him. His voice was very faint and his face was drawn; they told me he had a lot of pain. When I got ready to leave room, he asked me to bring him a tiny box that was on his bureau. I got it and handed it to him. He poked around in it for a while with unsteady fingers and finally found what he wanted. He handed it to me. It was a quarter, or rather it looked like a quarter, but it had heads on both sides. "Never let the other fellow call the turn, Jimmy, my hoy," said Doc, with a shadow of his old twinkle and the echo of his old chuckle.