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Read the text. Choose the best alternatives 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 to answer the questions.
1. Text Geology of the Grand Canyon
The Gigantic Canyon is hidden, so that you come on it suddenly. You are in high country, but on a flat plain covered with nice-smelling pine woods. The best way to see the Canyon is to do exactly what most people do: walk over to the rim and look.
Look at what? At the inside of the earth. When you stand there at the rim looking down, you see two things. One: the hole itself, which is an odd, terrific, scenic thing, unique. The other: what you see through the hole. And this is not unique. You would see much the same sort of thing if you could cut the earth open in France or England, Texas or Arabia. It is a cross-section of the earth’s crust.
The earth’s crust is built up of layers of different rocks. At the Canyon one can clearly see 12 major layers, some red, some gray, some brown. Many of them are so regular, clear-cut, neat, they look almost manmade.
These layers in the Grand Canyon prove that the region, now a mile-and-a-half above sea level, was under the sea not only once but several times. At one time the river brought red mud. At another the sea was deep, and limestone formed. At still another time it was a river mouth, with sand bars and beaches.
Look down into the deepest part of the Canyon where the Colorado River is cutting a V-shaped gorge. You see that the rock there is dark and quite different from all the other layers. That’s the original land that went under the sea. Scientists call it the “basement”.
The interesting thing is that such layers aren’t just in Arizona. They are found all over the world. Most parts of the world have been under water at least once, and have come up again covered with a crust of fish bones and sea shells.
Why land sinks under the sea and rises again nobody knows. But it going on right now! The United States’ west coast is slowly rising, the southeast sinking. Scandinavia is tilting, the northern part going up, the southern part down. The Netherlands is sinking an inch every 100 years.
16. |
What is the best way to see the Grand Canyon? |
1. walk around in the bottom of it 2. stand on the rim and look across 3. climb up the sides of it 4. walk over to the rim and look 5. to fly in a helicopter over it |
17. |
Which cross-section can you see looking down and standing at the rim? |
1. the earth’s surface 2. the earth’s mantle 3. the earth’s core 4. the earth’s crust 5. the earth’s inner zone |
18. |
What kind of structure do the Grand Canyon’s rocks possess? |
1.unconsolidated 2. gneissoid 3. layered 4. brecciaed 5. nodular |
19. |
Why do some layers look like man-made? |
1. they are neat, clear-up and irregular 2. they are too colour full to be natural 3. they are red, some dry and brown 4. they contain technogenic waste 5. they are clear-up, regular and neat |
20. |
What kind of information relating to the history of the area can be obtained by studying the layers of the Grand Canyon? |
1. it was never above sea level 2. it was under the sea once 3. it was half under the water and half out 4. it was a mile-and-half above sea level 5. it was under the sea several times |
21. |
What rocktypes are the constituent parts of the layers? |
1. pyroclastic 2. volcanic 3. sedimentary 4. igneous 5. ore-bearing |
22. |
What is the evidence of the land once having been under the water? |
1.heterogenous structure 2. chemical composition of rock 3. mineral assemblage 4. structure peculiarities 5. signs of marine life |
23. |
What geologic processes is land subjected to right now? |
1. rising fast on all the continents 2. sinking in some places and rising in others 3. slowly rising on the American continent 4. no any movements 5. periodical eruptions |
24. |
The Canyon is a high country, but on a flat plain covered with nice-smelling … woods. |
1. oak 2. birch 3. pine 4. fir-tree 5. linden |
25. |
The deepest part of the Canyon is… |
1. where the Colorado River is cutting a V-shaped gorge 2. a flat plain covered with nice-smelling pine woods 3. a gash a mile deep, 4 to 18 miles across. 217 miles long 4. to the north-west of Arizona 5. just near the river mouth |
Text 2. Choose the most suitable heading from the list 1-5 for each paragraph of the text.
26. |
Most of the functions in the human body are controlled by hormones. Insulin, а hormone produced by the pancreas, controls the amount of: sugar in the blood, which is then used by the body to generate energy. The insufficient production of insulin leads to а common disorder called diabetes. |
1. Insulin is produced by the liver. 2. Diabetics should weigh themselves weekly. 3. All of the functions in the human body are controlled by blood pressure. 4. Diabetes is the result of inadequate insulin being produced. 5. Diabetics should be able to enjoy normal and healthy lifestyles. |
27. |
Having diabetes does not mean giving up all your favourite foods and eating differently from family and friends. However, а sugar-free diet still remains the cornerstone of the treatment of diabetes. Nowadays, doctors recommend that people with diabetes should continue their lives as usual, but should follow а well-balanced and healthy diet. |
1. Diabetics should be careful with foods which contain a lot of sugar 2. Insulin injections are widely used, but they are not very helpful. 3. Some foods help to keep blood sugar down. 4. Diabetics can’t lead a normal life. 5. There is no reason why diabetics should not enjoy a normal life. |
28. |
The British Diabetic Association recommends controlling body-weight, reducing fat consumption and eating more fruit, vegetables and starchy food. If there is а need to lose weight, realistic short-term targets are most helpful. Aiming for а slow but steady weight loss of one kilogram per week is ideal, until the desireоd weight is achieved. Including more exercise in your daily routine, and checking your weight once а week are also recommended. |
1. Biscuits contain a lot of fat. 2. Weight control and regular exercise play an important role in a diabetic’s life. 3. Diabetics should eat plenty of fruit. 4. The B. D. A. is at the public’s disposal. 5. Food with high amounts of sugar should not be avoided. |
3. Text
Fill in the gaps:
29 Fersman ranks 30 those leading mineralogists who have converted mineralogy from a purely 31 science into a science based 32 the most fundamental chemical investigations.
As the organizer of the Chemical Institute in Moscow,
Fersman worked 33 the basic lines for the study of the chemical elements and, an so doing, laid the foundations for the scientific surveying and 34 of economic minerals. On the other hand, the establishment by him in his Institute of the laws of the connections 35 the occurrence of economic minerals and basic geochemical causes led to his 36 a series of scientific expeditions directed 37 him in the Academy.
Many scores of scientific expeditions organized 38 his leadership 39 very diverse regions of the Soviet Union and he personally took part 40 many of these. He was the leader of the important investigation of the Kara-Kum Desert, which resulted in the discovery of big sulphur deposits, the organization of a large-scale factory and the production of sulphur and sulphur products.
29. |
1. academe |
2. academy |
3. academic |
4. academical |
5. academician |
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1. at |
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1. describe |
2. descriptive |
3. description |
4. described |
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3. in |
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5. to |
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1. out |
2. on |
3. in |
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5. for |
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1. prospect |
2. prospected |
3. prospecting |
4. prospective |
5. prospector |
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1. organizing |
2. organize |
3. organization |
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5. organizer |
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1. cover |
2. recover |
3. recovering |
4. recovered |
5. covered |
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2. with |
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5. between |